65 
being again discharged by caustic alkali. The amount of 
starch thus indicated is something enormous, more than the 
half of the whole animal’s bulk. ‘The physiological signifi- 
cance of this is very great. Haeckel has a laugh by the way 
at Alexander Stuart, of St. Petersburg, whose remarks on 
Radiolaria, based on the study of his Coscinosphera ciliosa, 
are futile, since that form is no Radiolarian at all, but only 
Globigerina echinordes. 
Some highly important remarks are made by Haeckel as to 
the cellular, or rather plastidian, structure of the Rhizopoda. 
He, as is well known to the reader, separates from the 
class Rhizopoda the Monera, the Protoplasta or Amceboidea 
(Ameebe, Arcellee, Gregarine, &c.), and the Myxomycetes, 
leaving as true Rhizopods the Acyttaria (Monothalamian and 
Polythalamian foraminifers), and the Radiolaria (Monocyt- 
taria and Polycyttaria), as well as the small group of the 
Heliozoa (Actinospherium Eichhorniu, Cystophrys of Archer, 
and other forms which that writer has made known). Max 
Schultze has said that the contractile substance of all Rhizopods 
consists of the naked, free, contractile protoplasm of one cell, 
or of several cells fused together so as to form a larger mass of 
protoplasm. This is true, Heckel says, for those Rhizopods in 
which true cells are to be traced. Such cells are found in 
Heliozoa, for instance, in Actinospherium, and occur in all 
true Radidlaria, e.g. the yellow cells, the intra-capsular pig- 
ment cells, the alveolar cells surrounding the central capsule, 
and (as he now shows from examination in several cases 
with reagents) the numerous clear intra-capsular cor- 
puscles, which he feels convinced are true reproductive 
elements. The objective proof of this subjective convictionhe 
has not, in spite of efforts made in the Canaries, been able to 
obtain. The probability is that the cells in the central 
capsule are spores, which either within the capsule or after 
bursting from it develop each into a multicellular body. Of 
the cells of such a body some become pigment-cells, some 
yellow starch-holding cells, some other spores, whilst others, 
by fusion, form the sarcode mass and the free protoplasm of the 
Radiolarian. He has convinced himself that no central 
capsule exists, but simply a central mass of cells in the young 
stages of the Acanthodesmiade and Sponguride. ‘The young 
Radiolaria, devoid of central capsule, are the morphological 
equivalents of the Heliozoa (Actinospherium, Cystophrys, 
&c.). 
In the Acyttaria, on the other hand, there is absolutely no 
trace of cell structure. Gromia, Globigerina, and others, 
give no trace of a nucleus. They are simply cytods, not 
VOL. XI.—NEW SER. E 
