66 
cells. They reproduce by spore-formation, amounting merely 
to the separation of a piece of their body-substance. 
The Acyttaria are simple cytods or aggregates of cytods, 
and stand genealogically at the base of the Rhizopoda ; the 
Heliozoa in which the component plastids first develop a 
nucleus, connect them to the more complex Radiolaria 
with their central capsule. Hence, it cannot be said with 
Schultze that the protoplasm of all the Rhizopoda arises from 
the fusion of ced/s. An artificial classification would lead us 
to relegate the Acyttaria thus to the Monera as cytods, and 
to class the Heliozoa and Radiolaria as truly cellular 
organisms, with the undoubtedly cellular Myxomycetes. A 
difficulty would arise from the fact that the free plasmodium 
of the Myxomycetes is devoid of nuclei, and resembles an 
ageregate of cytods, though the spores are true, nucleated 
cells. As we have sham cytods, dyscytods (red blood-cor- 
puscles, &c.), so we have sham cytod-aggregates, resulting 
from the degradation of true cells, and such is the plasmo- 
dium of Myxomycetes. The natural or genealogical classi- 
fication of the Rhizopods is to place the Acyttaria, Heliozoa, 
and Radiolaria as three steps in the development of the 
same group. 
Magosphera is the name of a new organism which 
Haeckel places in a new class, the Catallacta, intermediate 
between the Flagellata and Protoplasta (Amceboidea). He 
found it in September last year, in some conferva in salt-water 
ditches in the Island of Gisoe, off the coast of Norway. He 
observed its complete life-history, which he figures in a plate 
in this book. As we noticed on a former occasion, the con- 
version of definite cilia into protoplasmic pseudopodia was 
observed in the development of this form by Haeckel, as well 
as the converse in the ova of certain Siphonophora, and the 
consequent identity of ciliary and ameboid-protoplasmic 
movement inferred. The successive stages presented by 
Magosphera may be thus grouped: A. Quiescent (vegetative 
period). 1. Unicellular quiescent stage (egg). 2. Maulti- 
cellular quiescent stage (cleavage). B. Active (animal 
period). 3. Multicellular swarm stage (Volvox-like form). 
4. Unicellular ciliate stage (Peritricha-like form). 5. Uni- 
cellular ameeboid stage (Ameeba-like form). 
A new species of the genus Vampyrella of Cienkowski, 
which forms one of Haeckel’s Monera, is also described here 
as living on a Gomphonema found on the Norway coast ; 
also a new Protomonas (another genus of Monera, described 
by Cienkowski, for which see the Monograph of Monera in 
