156 
tion, is due to the researches made by Smitt a few years 
since. In his interesting paper ‘Om Hafbryozoernas ut- 
veckling koch fettkroppar,’’! Smitt registers many new facts 
of such a nature as to throw quite unexpected light on the 
evolution of the Bryozoa. Every reader must be astonished 
by the immense store of precious observations accumulated 
on a few pages of Smitt’s memoir ; but the conclusions and 
theories based upon these observations seem to be not always 
quite as correct as would be expected from so skilful and 
learned a naturalist. 
My own interpretation of some facts observed by Smitt, 
and afterwards by myself, differing in some respects from his, 
I shall try to give a preliminary sketch of my views upon 
this subject, hoping to be able to give very soon a more 
elaborate account of a series of inquiries made by myself 
about the anatomy of some marine Chilostomata. 
Smitt distinguishes four modes of reproduction in the 
Bryozoa, three of them taking place in an asexual way. 
1. The growth of the whole colony by external buds. 2. The 
reproduction by eggs formed by internal buds of the endocyst. 
3. The production of new polypides and eggs in empty zocecia 
or cells, by ‘‘ groddkapslar,” 2. e. by brown bodies produced 
by a retrogressive metamorphosis of the former polypide. 
4. Sexual reproduction by eggs and spermatozoa. 
Smitt believes that the growth of the colonies by external 
buds is effected in a very peculiar manner, differing from 
this process in all other compound animals. He observed 
that very often young buds, seeming at first to be equiva- 
lent to a single zocecium, become afterwards divided by lon- 
gitudinal and transversal septa, each partition transforming 
itself into a perfect zocecium or an homologue of such (an 
avicularium, vibracularium, &c.). 
Such buds he designates as “ samknoppar,” 3. e. “common 
buds,” produced not by a single cell, by a single individual, 
but by the whole colony. ‘To this view he has been, I think, 
principally led by his observation on the budding process of 
Flustra membranacea. Certainly every one is able to satisfy 
himself very easily that often one, at first simple bud, is 
afterwards divided into different zoccia; or into a zocecium, 
avicularium, and vibracularium ; such buds are very properly 
designated as “‘ common buds,” but they always are the off- 
spring of one mother-cell. 
Such “common buds” are always produced when a crust- 
like colony expands. The radiating arrangement of the cells 
in most of the crust-like colonies, together with the fact that 
" «Oefversigt af Kongl. Vet. Akad. Férh.,’ 1865, No. 1. 
