NOTES AND MEMORANDA. 67 
ception, of course, of the remains of animals which we now 
know to live at the bottom at all depths, which occur in the 
deposit as foreign bodies, are derived from the surface. 
Mr. Murray has combined with a careful examination of 
the soundings a constant use of the tow-net, usually at the 
surface, but also at depths of from ten to one hundred fathoms ; 
and he finds the closest relation to exist between the surface 
fauna of any particular locality and the deposit which is 
taking place at the bottom. In all seas, from the equator to 
the polar ice, the tow-net contains Globigerine. They are 
more abundant and of a larger size in warmer seas; several 
varieties, attaining a large size and presenting marked varietal 
characters, are found in the intertropical area of the Atlantic. 
In the latitude of Kerguelen they are less numerous and 
smaller, while further south they are still more dwarfed, and 
only one variety, the typical Globigerina bulloides, is repre- 
sented. The living Globigerine from the tow-net are singu- 
larly different in appearance from the dead shells we find at 
the bottom. The shell is clear and transparent, and each of 
the pores which penetrate it is surrounded by a raised crest, 
the crest round adjacent powers coalescing into a roughly 
hexagonal network, so that the pores appear to lie at the 
bottom of a hexagonal pit. At each angle of this hexagon 
the crest gives off a delicate flexible calcareous spine, which 
is sometimes four or five times the diameter of the shell in 
length. ‘The spines radiate symmetrically from the direction 
of the centre of each chamber of the shell, and the sheaves 
of long transparent needles crossing one another in different 
directions have a very beautiful effect. The smaller inner 
chambers of the shell are entirely filled with an orange- 
yellow granular sarcode; and the large terminal chamber 
usually contains only a small irregular mass, or two or three 
small masses run together, of the same yellow sarcode stuck 
avainst one side, the remainder of the chamber being empty. 
No definite arrangement and no approach to structure was 
observed in the sarcode, and no differentiation, with the ex- 
ception of round bright yellow oil-globules, very much lke 
those found in some of the radiolarians, which are scattered 
apparently irregularly in the sarcode. We never have been 
able to detect in any of the large number of Globigerine 
which we have examined the least trace of pseudopodia, or 
any extension in any form of the sarcode beyond the shell. 
Major Owen (op. cit.) has referred the Globigerina with 
spines to a distinct species, under the name of G. hirsuta. I 
am inclined rather to believe that all Globigerine are toa 
greater or less degree spiny when the shell has attained its 
