NOTES AND MEMORANDA. 177 
movements in certain diatoms from the North Sea,” which 
was translated in this journal. 
The reputation which, in spite of the, in many respects, 
unfavorable circumstances of the professorship at Halle, 
Schultze soon acquired, obtained for him in 1859 an invita- 
tion to the important chair of anatomy at Bonn, then vacant 
by the translation of Helmholtz to Heidelberg. It was here 
that he became especially celebrated as a teacher, both for 
the unstudied elegance of his style and the masterly skill 
of his practical demonstrations. His inaugural dissertation, 
Observationes de retine structurd penitiori, was the first of 
his classical contributions to the study of the retina. 
In the next year appeared an important memoir on Hya- 
lonema, and another on Cornuspira, with remarks on the 
organization of Polythalamia (translated in the ‘Annals of 
Natural History’), but in 1861 he published his first observa- 
tions on the subject by which he will probably be best known 
to posterity, viz., the nature of the cell. This memoir, ‘On’ 
muscle-corpuscles, and what one ought to call a cell,’ ap- 
peared in the same year as Lionel Beale’s lectures, and about 
the same time as researches of Briicke, having the same 
tendency. It is to those three investigators that we owe the 
modern doctrine of the cell; viz., the substitution for the 
conception of a cavity enclosed by a membrane, of that of a 
mass of sarcode or protoplasma, which, with some inconsist- 
ency, we call by the same name; and there can be no doubt 
that the share of Max Schultze in effecting this reform was 
very large indeed. The same line of investigation was 
carried on in his important work on the Protoplasma of 
Rhizopoda, and of vegetable cells published in 1863, and 
later on by observations on the movements of white blood- 
corpuscles, in which he was aided by his admirable invention 
of the hot stage. The new views were not accepted without 
an active controversy, in which Reichert was the chief 
defender of the doctrine of a cell-membrane. 
The later researches of Schultze were chiefly in the same lines 
as those already mentioned, on the organs of sense, especially 
the retina, and the terminations of nerves. with some further 
memoirs on simple forms of life, and two or three papers on 
technical methods, in which he introduced the reagents now 
so well-known, iodized serum, osmic acid, and acetate of 
potassium. The ‘ Archiv fiir Microscopische Anatomie,’ 
which has been since its foundation the chief organ of histo- 
logical research in Germany was commenced in 1865, partly 
in consequence of the estrangement which controversy had 
produced between Schultze and Reichert, one of the editors of 
