206 NIKOLAS KLEINENBERG. 



cannot but result in a dire confusion of terms. Thus, the 

 subambulacral plates of the Ophiurids would represent the 

 superambulacral ones of the Crinoids and Urchins, and vice 

 versa! On page 267 Ludwig takes Simrolh to ta^k in the 

 following words for doing very much the same that he has 

 done himself — '' Verwirrung aber wird durch Simroth 

 dadurch angerichtet, dass er die flir diese Skeletstiicke von 

 Job. Miiller eingefilhrte Bezeichnung auf andere Stilcke 

 iibertragt." Substitute my friend Ludwig's name for 

 Simroth's in the above sentence, and his own words become 

 applicable to himself ! 



The Development of tJie Earth-worm, Llmbricus trate- 

 zoiDEs, Duces. By Nikolas Kleinenberg. (With Plates 

 IX, X, XI.) 



I's Ischia, as in the neighbourhood of Naples, the most 

 common of the Lunibricidse is Ltwibrictis trapezoides (Duges)j 

 it is abundant in gardens and in the muck-heaps of farms. 

 Associated with this, but rarer, and prefering sandy soil and 

 the neighbourhood of Avater, is another species, probably 

 Lumbricus teres (Duges). 



The reproduction of Lumhricus trapezoides, like that of 

 L. teres, is most active during the whole of the cold and 

 temperate season, that is to say^ from October to June, Avhen 

 the hot and dry weather begins, but never ceases altogether, 

 since even in July and August capsules containing fecun- 

 dated eggs are found in shady and damp places, and at a 

 considerable depth; many of these, however, perish. 



The capsules vary greatly in size ; the smallest are hardly 

 one millimetre, whilst the largest reach eight millimetres 

 in length. This difference is easily explained by the mode 

 of formation of the capsules, since necessarily their dimen- 

 sions must correspond to the size of the animal producing 

 them. The shape of the capsules of L. trapezoides is oval, 

 Avith the ends pointed, or sometimes, on the contrary, slightly 

 depressed; such depressions correspond to the primitive open- 

 ing of the chilinous ring formed by the clitellus, which does 

 not close till after deposition. 



Their colour resembles that of corn. The capsules of 

 L. teres are in general smaller, more resembling a lemon in 

 shape, often with the ends greatly elongated to form two fine 

 processes. These capsules are olive-coloured. 



