248 DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES. 
than any that have yet been suggested from the misleading 
analyses of the ashes of plants. 
The following are the orders and plants, as far as I can 
find, in which raphides and crystals have been found : 
CrypToGAMIA. 
Atem.—WNostoc Muscorum, Conferva crystallifera. Cheeto- 
phora, Hydrurus, Polysperma, and Spirogyra. 
CuHarace®.—Chara hispida. 
EquiseTacE&.—Silica in the walls of cells of several species 
of Equisetum. 
ENDOGENZ. 
Liniacr®.—Species of Aloe. Scilla maritima. Bulbs of 
onion. Endymion nutans, in all parts of the plant (Gulliver.) 
BRoMELIACEXH.— Agave Americana. 
Aracex.—Calla Aithiopica, Caladium esculentum, Dieffen- 
bachia Seguina.—Professor Gulliver says that he finds 
raphides throughout the plant in Arwm maculatum. 
Irntpacex.—In Iris pseudacorus, long prismatic crystals in 
leaves (Gulliver). 
TypHace®.—In Sparganium ramosum and S. simplex, in the 
perianth, fruit, stem, and leaves. 
Lemnacez.—Raphides most abundant in Lemna trisulca 
and L. minor, but comparatively scanty in L. polyrhiza and 
L. gibba. In L. minor abundantly, associated with starch 
granules (Gulliver). 
Cyprrace®.—Meyen and other observers have found 
raphides abundant in Papyrus Antiquorum. 
Musacua&z.—Crystals of sulphate of lime have been found 
in M. Paradisaica and other species of Musa, also in the order 
ScITAMINER. 
Orcuipacea#.—In Epidendrum elongatum (Lindley), and in 
Orchis Morio, O. mascula, O. maculata, and Habenaria chlo- 
rantha (Gulliver). 
ExoGEenz. 
Cacracem.—All the forms of oxalate of lime have been re- 
corded in this order. Quekett especially mentions Opuntia 
crassa, and Lindley Cactus Peruvianus. 
Onacracea#.—Gulliver says that true raphides occur in 
such abundance in this order as to be quite characteristic, 
especially in the netted-veined group. He adds that they 
occur in all parts of these plants, so that a minute fragment 
of any of them will serve to distinguish them from Lythracez 
