526 Mr. C. L. Withycombe's Notes on 



and have a soft integument. Segment 9 is more strongly 

 cliitinised though small. The 10th segment, or anal 

 papilla, has a triangular scleritc on each side, and between 

 these, more posteriorly, one similar but reversed sclerite 

 dorsally, and one ventrally. The anal papilla bears also 

 a two- or four-lobed eversible pad which serves to retain 

 hold on a surface. 



No absolutely reliable characters have been found 

 for distinction between different species of Hemerobius 

 larvae. 



For pupation, a loose elliptical cocoon of more or less 

 double structure is spun, with silk from the anus. 



The pupa has all the appendages free, but does not move 

 them until just before the appearance of the imago. The 

 wings are held at the sides, the antennae lie curled slightly 

 upon these and the legs close together ventrally. There 

 is a pair of strongly chitinised pupal mandibles with which 

 a hole is cut in the cocoon, for emergence. The back is 

 often provided with special short bristles to aid in escape 

 from the cocoon. 



The pu]ja makes its Vv^ay out in due course and climbs 

 on to a suitable support. Here, the skin splits along the 

 dorsum of the thorax, the imago appears and assumes the 

 advdt form. An hour or two after, the larval excrement 

 is deposited as a cylindrical, shiny, black pellet. 



Pairing takes place laterally, as in most Lepidoptera, 

 and at night. If there is a spermatophore, vv'hich I suspect 

 is actually the case, it is devoured rapidly by the female. 

 I have never seen one. 



The internal anatomy of Hemerobiids (Plate XXXIX, 

 fig. 6) differs from other Neuroptera mainly in the follow- 

 ing points. The salivary glands of the imago are simple, 

 recurrent and tubidar. Of the female cement glands, or 

 homologues of those of Chrysopids, etc., one is tubular 

 with a tuft of diverticula at its distal extremity. The 

 other is simple though more or less dilated, longer than 

 the first mentioned m Hemerobius, shorter in Micromus 

 (Plate XXXIX, fig. 17). There are two globular accessory 

 glands at the posterior end of each ovary, and ducts from 

 these run into the oviducts. The testes of the male are 

 separate, each enclosed in a yellow globular or kidney- 

 shaped scrotum. They have, of course, separate vasa 

 efferentia. The larval anatomy is typical. 



