CXXIX 



its own races, and the East African coast districts are faun- 

 istically different from SomalilaQd and Abyssinia as well as 

 from the districts of the lakes in the interior. I show you as 

 illustration of this division of African species into geographical 

 varieties Papilio menestheus from Sierra Leone, the Congo and 

 South Africa, and along with it Charaxes brutus, which varies 

 in a similar way. These two species have been chosen because 

 they illustrate another interesting phenomenon : Congolese 

 varieties of many species are larger and have the markings 

 reduced, the South and East African varieties have larger 

 markings and usually have distinct submarginal spots on 

 the hind-wing, while these spots are often missing or reduced 

 in the West African forms. This by the way. 



In the Indo-Australian countries geographical variation is 

 equally pronounced. Ceylon, South India, North-west India, 

 Sikkim and Bhutan, the Assamese Hills south of the Brahma- 

 putra, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula and nearly 

 all the islands or groups of islands of the Indian and Pacific 

 oceans have each its special local races. For instance, Papilio 

 sarpedon, extends from Ceylon to Japan and eastwards to the 

 Solomon Islands ; it is broken up into a multitude of geo- 

 graphical forms, some of which we show on the slide. I draw 

 your attention to the seasonal difference in North Indian 

 specimens, further to the dimorphism in the Chinese summer 

 specimens, and to the large size and strongly falcate fore- 

 wing of the specimens from the lowlands of Celebes and the 

 Sulla Islands ; the slide, further, illustrates a variation I have 

 as yet not mentioned, that is the difference frequently found 

 in specimens from difl'erent altitudes. On Celebes as well as 

 Ceram there exists a lowland race and a mountain race of 

 P. sarpedon, very unlike each other, and undoubtedly derived 

 from different sources, the lowland race of Celebes being of 

 Moluccan origin and the mountain race of Malayan derivation, 

 while in Ceram the one is truly a Moluccan race and the other 

 has its affinitive in New Guinea. On the whole P. sarpedon 

 has a limited individual variation, the specimens, apart 

 from Central and West China, being practically uniform in 

 each locality. The problem is much more complicated and 

 also much more interesting and instructive in the case of 



PROC. ENT. .SOC. LOND., V, 1922. I 



