10 A. CO. OUDEMANS. 
Now let us repeat in a few words what McIntosh says con- 
cerning his V. lineformis: to show (1) how little it agrees 
with V. Armandi, and (2) how at the same time it differs 
from the type of the genus Valencinia, Quatr.—V. longi- 
rostris, Quatr.—which I hope to describe hereafter. 
Through the whole length of the body we find two muscular 
coats within the basal membrane, a circular layer and a longi- 
tudinal layer (also in Cephalotrix). Of a third layer in the 
head (this is absent in Cephalotrix) and of a fourth layer in 
the cesophageal region, nothing is mentioned (this I have found 
in Cephalotrix). 
How the brain is situated in respect to the muscular layers 
is not mentioned (these lie in Cephalotrix within the inner 
(longitudinal) muscular layer, just as in the Hoplonemer- 
teans), but the lateral nerves through the whole length of the 
body lie between the longitudinal muscular fibres (just as in 
Cephalotrix). 
The vascular system consists of two lacunz of the head and 
two longitudinal tubes. This is typical in the Cephalo- 
tricide, and one has only to consult my description of this 
system in Cephalotrix linearis (Rathke), Oerst., to obtain 
an idea of the vascular system of V. lineformis. 
McIntosh has not mentioned diverticula of the intestine 
(Cephalotrix has none). 
The mouth is situated behind the ganglia, the proboscis has 
no stylet, the head has no lateral furrows, and the cephalic 
sacs are absent (all characters of Cephalotrix as well). 
Now let us consider how these points are arranged in 
Carinella. 
Through the whole length of the body there are two mus- 
cular coats, a circular layer and a longitudinal layer, both 
within the basal membrane. A special layer between the 
circular layer and the basal membrane is absent. On the 
other hand, we find in the cesophageal region the same layer as 
in V. Armandi, and this layer also here originates from the 
circular layer of the proboscidian sheath. Although this layer 
is in the cesophageal region more visible than elsewhere, it is 
