60 



Notes upon lepidopterous larvce and pupa. 



Fig. 8. — Natural size. Larva of Nemahis curtisjnna, probably 

 nearly full-grown, seen from above. In the middle line is the black 

 (dark green), posteriorly dilated, dorsal Hne caused by the dorsal 

 vessel. It does not extend to the posterior end of the body, and its 

 continuity (as a line) is broken by the intersegmental furrovps. 

 This line is situated in a white stripe, which was seen to move with 

 the pulsations of the dorsal vessel, and to be lobed, like fat-tissue. 

 It is caused by a longitudinal accumulation of the cells of the fat 

 body shining tlarough the transparent skin. Outside this there is 

 true black pigment in the skin, forming a dark line on each side, 

 and beyond this the ground colour is green, chiefly due to internal 

 tissvies and fluids. Laterally (not seen here) a fine spiracular line is 

 formed by the main longitudinal trachea shining through the skin. 

 Thus all the colours and markings, except the black shading, are due 

 to internal structures. The i)rotective resemblance is to the edge of 

 the leaf to which the larva clings, and the effect is increased by the 

 appearance of lateral compression caused by the dark shading. 



Fig. 9. — Natural size. The pupa of Ephyra omicronaria 

 (green form), attached to a twig of maple. 



Fig. 10. — Natural size. The pupa of Ephyra omicronaria 

 (brown form), attached to a twig of maple. 



Fig. 11. — Natural size. The pupa oi Ephyra pendularia (green 

 form) attached to a twig of birch, after the manner of the pupa of 

 a butterfly (by a band round the body, and a pad to which the anal 

 spine is fixed). The bright colours and the pair of anteriorly-placed 

 angular projections give to the pupae of the EphyridcB an appear- 

 ance singularly hke those of buttei-flies. 



Fig. 12. — Natural size. The pupa of Ephyra pendularia (light 

 brown form), attached to a twig of birch. 



