Dr. G. B. Longstaff's Bionomic Notes on Butterjlies. 657 



Zizera otis, Fabr., f, indica, Murray. $. One observation. 



Everes parrhasius, Fabr. $. Two observations. 



Nacadtiba atrata, Horsf. $ One observation. 



N. noreia, Felder. One observation. 



Jamides hochus, Cram. %. One observation. 



Lampides elpis, Godt. ^ Two observations: in one case 

 it settled head upwards, but turned round immediately. 



Lampides celeno, Cram. 10 $, 1 $. 



Polyommatus hseticus, Linn. Both sexes. Nine observ- 

 ations. 



Surendra quercetoo'um, Moore. $. One observation. 



Loxura arcuata, Moore. One observation. 



The "sawing " movement of the hind-wings observed at 

 Kallar in the Nilgiris- in 1904 in Lampides sp., and in 

 Taracus telicanus, Lang, at East London, S. Africa, in 

 1905, was again observed in several Blues in Ceylon in 

 1908, viz. :— 



Telicada nyseus, Guer. Six observations. 



Everes argiades, Pall. Two observations. 



Lampides celeno, Cram. Three observations. 



Polyommatus hmticus, Linn. Six observations. 



Poulton explains this movement* as assisting in the 

 deception of the " false head," but the explanation scarcely 

 satisfies me since butterflies at rest do not usually move 

 their antennae. It is however possible that movement as 

 movement may challenge attack ; compare the case of the 

 Maina mentioned above.t 



As regards the lobes on the hind-wings of so many 

 Lycsenids the following facts may be noted as supple- 

 mentary to previous papers.^ 



Aphnseus (Spindasis) vidcanus, Fabr. Ceylon, 1908. 



tropicalis — all distasteful species. Similarly this is the normal 

 position in South African Nymphalinee, viz. Atella, Lachnoptera, 

 Hypanartia, Precis, Catacroptera, Grenis, Charaxes, Euralia and 

 Salamis, which are all the genera I can think of at the moment in 

 which I have actually observed it. On the other hand, all the 

 Danainm and AcrsRinse. hang with wings down. It is possible this 

 may prove to be a good criterion of palatability, for the head-down 

 position gives the insect a much better opportunity of launching 

 into a rapid flight, and thus evading attack, which is not of such 

 great consequence to distasteful species." 



* " Essays on Evolution," 1908, pp. 282, 325, and the references there 

 given. 



t p. 630. 



X Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 85, 86; also 1906, pp. 106-109. 



