6U Bulletin No. 159 



are true animals of an ancient type, being better repre- 

 sented as fossils than as recent species. 



The presence of Bryozoa in water pipes may be determined 

 by securing a fine sieve, or piece of muslin, over a tap 

 and allowing the water to flow through it for an hour or two. 

 In the winter brown tubular fragments of the enclosing test 

 or shell of the organisms may be thus collected in quantities 

 and with them the winter eggs. The latter are very singu- 

 lar and characteristic, being oval, flattish, the surface gran- 

 ular under the microscope, the color of the outlying regions 

 pale brown, and a round central region, the egg proper, of a 

 deep umber-brown. The length of these eggs or buds is 

 about .35 mm; the diameter 0.24 mm. 



VERMES (TRUE WORMS). 



No worms of special interest were collected, but on the 

 roots of plants growing on the edge of Cumberland River in 

 the gap of the Pine Mountain, were noted small knots or 

 nodules somewhat like the bacterial nodules of clovers and 

 other leguminous plants. These knots were recognized as 

 the work of a small thread worm, and on subsequent exami- 

 nation with the microscope the eggs and young of the worm 

 were found in the plant tissue. It is possible that this is the 

 root-knot worm, Heterodera radicicola, which is so de- 

 structive to cultivated plants of different sorts in the South 

 Atlantic states. If so, it would appear to be making its way 

 northward with pellagra along the Cumberland River. This 

 worm is parastic only on plants. The plant on which the 

 knots occurred could not be identified positively because of 

 its having been browsed by stock, leaving only the stubble 

 and roots in the river's edge. 



MOLLUSCA (SNAILS AND CLAMS). 



These animals are scavengers and vegetarians. One 

 small snail {Goniobasis brevispira) with an elongate spiral 

 shell was constantly present about and on the rocks in all of 

 the streams, and in Cumberland River could often be fol- 

 lowed for some distance by a trail left behind it, the surface 



