BULLETIN NO. 32, MARCH, 1895. 103 



houses. This conclusion is justified by the frequency with which the in- 

 sect has been found in our large Eastern markets, upon fruit, especially 

 pears. 



PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 



It is obvious, from what has preceded, that most of the influences 

 at work in helping the insects to spread are essentially local, and would 

 hardly cause it to overrun the State for very many years to come. Yet, 

 through man's instrumentality, there is constant danger of importa- 

 tion from infested regions long distances away, eith^- upon fruit or 

 nursery stock. It is, as a conseipience, very desirable and necessary that 

 every fruit grower in the State, whose trees are now free from the attacks 

 of this pest, should l)e on his guard against such introduction. No fruit 

 should be bi-ought on from an open market ivithout first being inspected, 

 and 710 buds, scions or trees from any nursery should be received without 

 a similar, first careful inspection. 



REMEDIES. 



When the emergency circular, already referred to, was issued by Mr. 

 Howard from the Department of Agriculture, remedial suggestions 

 necessarily had to be based on past experiments Avith this species con- 

 fined to Calif ornia, and with other species in other parts of the country. 

 This experience was given in the following form : 



Insecticides. — Where trees are found to have become badly infested 

 the safest and, in the long run, the most economical course will be to cut 

 them down and burn them, trunk and branch. Where the infestation is 

 less marked, insecticide washes and sprays may be used. The young lice, 

 before they have begun to secrete scales (and at this time they can only 

 be discovered with the help of a magnifying glass), may be destroyed by 

 spraying with kerosene-soap emulsiou. A formula for this mixture fol- 

 lows : 



Kerosene gallons.... 2 ^=67 per cent. 



Common soap or whale-oil soap pound.... ?4 / 



Water g^^Hons.. . i \ "33 per cent. 



Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene ; 

 churn the mixture by means of a force pump and spray nozzle for five or 

 ten minutes The emulsion, if jierfect, forms a cream which thickens 

 upon cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass. 

 If the water from the soil is hard, or has a large percentage of lime, add 

 a little lye or bicarbonate of soda, or else use rain water. For use against 

 scale-insects, dilute one part of the emulsion with nine parts of cold water. 



For the older scales, the washes may be divided into those which can 

 be used in summer without damage to the trees, and those which are so 

 strong that they can only be applied during the winter season when the 

 tree is dormant. None of the summer washes are perfectly tflHcacious, and 



