BULLETIN NO. 32, MARCH, 1S95. Ill 



First. Every orchard that has been set out within the last six 

 jears should be thoroughly examined to ascertain whether or not the 

 scale is present. 



Second. If it proves to be present and is confined to a few trees, 

 the trees had better be taken out and destroyed, unless the infestation is 

 so slight that the trees can Ije gone over with a stiff brush and all the 

 scales actually brushed off. 



Third. If the orchard is young, and the trees are not too large to 

 be handled, it will be best to use a stiff' brush and, taking each tree 

 separately, brush off' all the scales. This looks like a good deal of 

 mechanical work : but it will pay in the end. It can be doneat any time 

 during the winter ; it will be absolutely effective and, with care, there 

 need be no further trouble from this insect in an orchard so treated. 



Fourth. If the trees are too numerous to be treated by hand, or 

 are too large to be conveniently handled, prune back liberally, removing 

 as much wood as the tree can easily spare. The cuttings should be carted 

 off' and burnt as a matter of precaution, and what remains of the trees 

 should be washed Avith the potash solution above described. This should 

 be done as soon as may be, and a month later, during a moderately mild 

 spell, the trees should be again treated, this time with the kerosene emul- 

 sion, made as above described and diluted five times. The object of this 

 double treatment is, first, by means of the potash to dissolve or corrode 

 the scales to a greater or less extent, and to kill off' a considerable pro- 

 portion of the insects themselves. At the end of a month the potash will 

 probably have l)een washed down and all dissolved away, so as to exert 

 no further action. The scales, however, will l)e thinned down, riddled or 

 loosened from their hold, and an application of the kerosene emulsion 

 then made will give it abundant opportunity to reach the insect. If both 

 these materials are applied thoroughly, the kerosene will finish any work- 

 left undone by the potash and not a single specimen need escape. 



I have serious doubts whether anything is to be gained by the stiff' 

 brush treatment urged by Prof. Smith, involving, as it does, an infinite 

 amount of labor and the severe pruning which he conjoins with it, since 

 crushing off the scales is impracticable on the smaller twigs and branches. 

 Any winter wash that is effective will obviate the necessity for this pre- 

 liminary labor. 



The other treatment recommended is most valuable, but requires two 

 sprayings, viz., one of the potash solution and one of the kerosene emul- 

 sion. As a result of later expen'tnents the past winter, as set forth in tliis 

 'bulletin, it becomes evident that any thorough spraying of the tu<o-poutid-to-the- 

 ^allon-solution of the wliale-oil soap tcill be perfectly effective, and jnay be 

 depended upon as a substitute for the treatment urged by Prof. Smith. Cost 

 of materials and convenience in obtaining will otherwise influence each 

 individual in the choice of the comparatively few satisfactory Avinter 

 Avashes, as indicated in this bulletin. 



