Yellow Birch and the Adirondack Forest 21 
-Reproduction is shown to be largely hard maple and beech 
on the hardwood type at the expense of the yellow birch where 
the light cutting was not enough to open up the crowns to allow 
birch to succeed. This characteristic is so pronounced and 
important that a table is given to show reproduction under these 
conditions as compared with clear cutting: 
TABLE IV 
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF SEEDLINGS AND TREES LESS THAN 1.5 INCHES IN 
DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT, PER ACRE, BY SPECIES 
Hardwood Type 
NUMBER PER ACRE 
SPECIES 
Logged to All merchantable 
diameter limit timber logged 
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Column No. 1 taken from ninety-seven sample plots distributed over thirty- 
seven acres in northwest 14, township 35, Totten and Crossfield purchase. This, 
a portion of the Whitney estate, represents hardwood type which was logged in 
1898 to a ten-inch diameter limit, as discussed in F. 8. Bul. 26. 
Column number 2 taken from 181 sample plots distributed over 680 acres in 
the southeast 14, township 15, Macombs Great Tract number 3 (southern St. 
Lawrence county). Represents same natural type of mixed hard and softwood, 
logged for both hard and softwood without diameter limit, about 1907. 
Cutting all Merchantable Softwoods: 
The size of softwoods considered merchantable has varied to 
such an extent that no standard of result is attainable. On 
‘swamps, trees are now cut in some cases to four inches on the 
stump. This is clear cutting to an extent not known in the 
Adirondack forest before. On flats and hardwood lands, the 
removal of merchantable softwood will make the resulting forest 
more largely hardwoods, but will not exclude softwood reproduc- 
tion. Some spots will be clear cut, and others will have a com- 
paratively complete crown cover of birch and red maple. When 
the forest is opened severely, there will be a large mortality due 
to windfall and exposure. 
