28 The New York State College of Forestry 
so care was taken to establish permanent corners and lines. 
Trees above four inches in diameter were numbered and 
recorded, while all others down to the one-inch class were eali- 
pered. Brush piles and waste areas were mapped, stumps, 
stubs and windfallen trees calipered and mapped. In this way 
a complete restoration of the original forest was effected, also 
the stages of its destruction. 
This permanent sample plot is one of two established in 
cooperation with the New York Section of Society of American 
Foresters. The entire plan incorporates all types and conditions 
of the Adirondack forest, and will establish important facts in 
regard to its natural replacement. 
The history of this acre is shown graphically in.Figure 3. 
While the area is too small to claim that it represents average 
conditions, some important facts are obvious: 
1. The brush piles cover areas shown in shade, and still 
prevent, after eleven years, the reproduction of forest on these 
spots (Figure 3a). Camparison of Figures 3d and 3f show 
the natural change in the forest due to windfall and death from 
exposure since the logging operation. The crown cover at the 
present time is open, and the ground covered largely by red rasp- 
berry bushes. Over the entire acre, a layer of soft wood humus 
covers the soil in a depth varying from a few inches to one foot. 
Figure 5e may be called the mortality record. The count of 
reproduction showed less than 8 per cent of softwoods, and 
among hardwoods, soft maple held the dominant place followed 
by yellow birch. The presence of deep humus and the fact that 
this dries severely on exposure to the sun prevents tree seeds 
from germination and checks the growth of seedlings. Although 
the influence of this condition is most marked on burned 
lands, its effect appears on cutover lands wherever the soil is 
exposed to direct sunlight. The first cover is raspberry bushes, 
and these are not in foliage early enough to protect the ger- 
minating softwood seedlings. The ultimate shade of fire cherry 
and aspen brings about establishment of other reproduction. 
