Forest Development in the Adirondacks al 
a channel behind Hard Wood Island, and joins Grasse River 
to the northwest of this granite ridge. Town Line Pond is 
a small lake occupying a basin at the base of the sand ridge 
which forms part of the eastern boundary of the bog. This 
pond also lies flush with the bog, and indeed, spills over upon 
it at high water. Boot Tree Pond lies on the bog side of the 
sand ridge, but its surface is about 15 feet above the bog and 
of Massawepie Lake. Deer Pond and Horseshoe Pond lie on 
the opposite side of this sand ridge. (Figure 1.) 
It should be noted that the water of these ponds and of 
Massawepie Lake is very clear, in sharp contrast with the 
brown bog water of the peat beds and mountain streams and 
ponds of the Adirondacks generally, and notably of Cranberry 
Lake. 
The salient physiographic features of this project embrace 
then the above described items together with certain others all 
briefly specified in summary as follows: (1) The sand plain 
whose area generally is very low and flat but with occasional 
slight ridges traversing its eastern section (indicated by islands 
of balsam and other non-bog species) and larger “ island ” areas 
(see contours of map figure 1) of low but still fairly well 
drained undulating surface (indicated by stands of willow 
and alder and by remnants of a former forest stand of 
apparently the balsam swamp type); (2) The meandering 
stream and its narrow flood plain covered by beaver meadow 
grasses and alders. (Figure 25.) (3) Massawepie Lake and 
outlet and Town Line Pond parts of whose shore lines js the 
bog itself; (4) Finally, and most significant as a controlling 
topographic feature, a low sand ridge paralleling the Grasse 
River on the east and just outside its flood plain. This ridge 
(see contours and trail Figure 1) is apparently a glacial esker 
whose position and elevation are such as virtually to constitute 
a dam holding back, or at least intercepting, the drainage of 
the bog. In October 1919 when the project was visited after 
heavy fall rains, the intercepted water of the marsh was spill- 
ing over this eskerlike ridge at certain low points. Slght 
channels were thus being cut in the dam. A well defined drain- 
