Fig. 16. ‘The oldest living stand of black spruce-tamarack forest on the 
Grasse River Bog. The specimen of black spruce is over twenty inches in 
diameter. Gigantic dead tamaracks were found near this. Cinnamon fern 
and numerous other forest floor species together with occasional red maple 
and balsam indicate the transition to balsam swamp forest. 
Fig. 17. The most advanced condition of the bog showing how the sur- 
face is elevated and better drained. Note the abundance of Oxalis aceto- 
sella. See text p. 28 for numerous balsam swamp and climax forest spe- 
cies occurring here. The peat is three feet deep and rather mucklike. This 
is regarded as showing conclusively a transition to balsam swamp forest. 
