to limitations of the Mullerian Hypothesis of Mimicry. 115 



while other species of this inordinately variable genus 

 exhibit forms having white patches or bands in the fore- 

 wing. Of these may be mentioned various forms of sapho, 

 xenoclca-notabilis, anderida-albicilla, antiochus-antiochus, 

 wallacei-wallacei f. elsa, wallacei-colon f. clytia, etc., while 

 in such forms as doris-doris and erato-erato f. udalrica the 

 conversion of the yellow discal patch into white crops 

 out as an occasional variation, thus showing an inherent 

 tendency in tbat direction. 



There seem therefore no real grounds for believing 

 that Heliconius cannot develop white markings, except 

 under pressure of external mimetic influence, and the 

 most satisfactory interpretation of the present case is that 

 the $ Pieris is a simple Batesian mimic of the Heliconius. 



V. The suggested reciprocal resemblance behveen the African 

 Papilios of the zenobia group and the Acrmine genus 

 Planema. 



The normal upper-side colouring of the Papilios of the 

 zenobia group may be briefly described as black, with a 

 continuous whitish or yellowish oblique stripe across both 

 wings, which varies in width, and often becomes macular 

 in the fore-wing. There are 12 species recognised by 

 Aurivillius, of which 5 present this type of colouring in 

 both sexes, while in the remaining 7 the female is mimetic 

 of either a Planema or an Amauris of the echeria pattern. 

 In both sexes of all the species there is on the under-side 

 of the hind-wing a large basal triangle of a golden-brown 

 or chocolate-brown colour. In the largest species, such as 

 cyprseofila and gallienus, in which the females are non- 

 mimetic, this triangle attains its greatest size, and is 

 traversed by continuous black inter-nervular streaks. In 

 the mimetic species, as well as the non-mimetic zenobia, 

 the streak nearest the costa is broadly divided so as to 

 form two spots. In the females of the mimetic section 

 the brown area is more reduced, causing a considerable 

 shortening of the black streaks nearer the inner margin, 

 and thus producing a more spot-like appearance. In this 

 condition the marking presents an obvious superficial 

 resemblance to the brown, black-spotted area which is 

 found on the hind-wings of so many Planemas. This 

 resemblance has been generally explained as being due 

 to the Papilios being Batesian mimics of the Planemas, 



