DARWIN AND BERGSON ON EVOLUTION 



and we may safely infer that the male and female larvae, gregarious 

 in both east and west, were certainly gregarious, and therefore 

 subject to uniform conditions, when the eastern form evolved. 



The comparison of Fig. 7 with Fig. 3 shows that the eastern 

 female of alciope, in correspondence with the change of Model, 

 presents a very different appearance from the western ; so much so, 

 indeed, that it was for a long time looked upon as a distinct species, 

 and doubtless still stands as a distinct species in many collections. 

 It was described by Stau dinger in 1896, and named by him 

 " auriviUii" after the great Swedish naturalist, and it was only 

 in 1909 that Mr. H. Eltringham, studying the Wiggins Collection at 

 Oxford, and in consultation with Dr. Karl Jordan of Tring, identified 

 the supposed new species as a female of the well-known and 

 abundant Acrcea alciope — a conclusion confirmed by Dr. Carpenter 

 in 1911. 



In attempting to understand the origin of the eastern Mimic, 

 much help is afforded by the three exceptional females referred to 

 on p. 61, and represented in Fig. 12. This form of female, without 

 the white bar on the hind wing, was erroneously figured in 1901 as 

 the male of " alicia " ; for under this latter name " aurivillii " was 

 redescribed in spite of Staudinger's publication five years before. 

 The eastern females of alciope furnish good examples of the 

 mistakes into which systematic naturalists have been led by 

 Mimicry. 



Two of these exceptional females were captured by Mr. Wiggins on 

 August 14th, 1909, and one by his native collector on August 18th. 

 Three females of the usual eastern form and one male were also 

 taken on the earlier date, four females and two males on the later. A 

 small proportion of these rare "alicia" forms is also found in the 

 later captures, together with occasional intermediates similar to the 

 specimen represented in Fig. 13, captured in 1911, by Dr. Carpenter, 

 on Damba Island. There can be no doubt that these rare females 

 represent the ancestral form which gave rise to the eastern mimetic 

 females (Fig. 14). That they are of a western type may be seen by 

 comparing Figs. 10 and 12 ; for the only essential difference between 

 the two patterns is the breadth of the fulvous area on both wings. 

 The amount of spotting on the hind wing upper surface is unessential, 

 being extremely variable. It is a curious fact that intermediates 



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