Temperature Experiments on two Tropical Butterflies. 447 



Inspection of this series brings out the following points — 



First. — The crippled condition of many of the specimens. 

 This is due no doubt to the weakening effects of the 

 abnormal conditions to which the pupae were subjected ; 

 the mortality varied from one in four to over fifty per cent. 



Secondly. — The large number with more or less red on 

 the apex of the forewing, which is normally black. No 

 selection of any kind has been made, all the specimens 

 bred, whether normal or otherwise, are represented. 



Thirdly. — The marked increase of red in those treated 

 with excessive dry heat. The $?s, as m a ^ cases, are more 

 affected than the ££s. 



Fourthly. — The conspicuous red apex of two specimens 

 treated with dry heat at 90° F., a temperature common at 

 Colombo, where, however, the atmosphere is humid. 



Fifthly. — The slight but still perceptible red on one 

 specimen treated with dry cold. 



It is probable that if as great a shock could be produced 

 by cold as by heat the same changes would occur, show- 

 ing that such are due to internal conditions rather than 

 external causes. There is no approach, except very slightly 

 in two specimens, to the form alcippoides, it is all towards 

 dorippus. Two females (No. 26, No. 28) which were sub- 

 jected to moist heat show an inclination to the deep dull 

 red which is so characteristic of the species in the hot, 

 damp climate of Sumatra and Java. 



Comparing these butterflies with a large representa- 

 tive collection, such as the National Collection at South 

 Kensington, one is at once struck with the almost total 

 absence in the latter of specimens which I may call inter- 

 mediate, that is, between the type chrysippus and the form 

 dorippus. In the very large series at South Kensington I 

 could only find two or three, though the breadth of the 

 white subapical bar and the number and size of the white 

 spots on the forewing is greater than in my series, and in 

 China they are developed to such an extent as to form a 

 well-marked local race named by Moore Danais boivringii. 

 Out of the hundreds of Ceylon specimens that have passed 

 through my hands, I have only seen one that has any red 

 scaling on the apex, and this one I captured myself at 

 Colombo after a long drought. Professor Poulton writes, 

 " This variety {dorippus) is sharply cut off from the type 

 form. Although faint traces of a former white bar can be 

 made out in dorippus, I have never seen, among thousands 



