452 Lieut.-Col. N. Manders on the Study of Mimicry by 



early stage of pupal life, and the other in the later stage. 

 I should say the parent was of the type form. The whole 

 of the abnormal specimens can be treated collectively. 



The first noticeable point is the large number of cripples 

 and malformed individuals. The mortality among those 

 artificially treated was very high. Misippus is very hardy, 

 and easy to breed, and there is no difficulty in obtaining 

 large numbers of normal butterflies, but abnormal condi- 

 tions have a great effect on them. The difference between 

 the two was very marked, the latter often dying just before 

 emergence, or with very little power of breaking through 

 the pupa case ; their movements after emergence were 

 excessively feeble compared with the others. Taking the 

 females first, the number of intermediates, i. e. with the 

 apices and white band of the forewing speckled with red, 

 is very large. Though such are not unknown in East 

 Africa, it is significant of their rarity that in the National 

 Collection I could only find one from Aden, one from 

 Muscat, and one from Berhampore. In this series there 

 is a gradual increase of red, from a few scattered scales in 

 the black apex, to a complete change from one form to the 

 other. I would also call attention to the character of the 

 subapical band. Normally it is a slight curve from the 

 costa to the outer margin, and is composed of separate 

 spots divided by the black veins, but in these it is distinctly 

 broader, longer, ami more circular, and the spots are united 

 into one continuous band. This is the normal appearance 

 of the ^ i n certain areas of its distribution, for instance, at 

 Port Darwin, the Cocos Keeling Islands, Java, and Sumatra, 

 and in the latter islands the forewings are often of the 

 same deep red colour as D. chrysippus. There are three 

 noticeable features in the males. First, the appearance of 

 a small white spot in the cell of the forewings, and in two 

 or three specimens there is a second. These are extremely 

 rare in the normal butterfly, which is exceedingly constant 

 in colouring. Secondly, the rather more prominent and 

 extensive lunula r subterminal lines on the upper side of 

 the hindwings. Thirdly, the less intense black of the 

 tornus in the forewing underside, which in one specimen is 

 distinctly red. In none is there any red on the forewing. 



Comparing these males with those in the South Kensing- 

 ton Museum, I find a solitary specimen from the Silaki 

 Valley, British East Africa, with a small amount of red 

 at the base of the forewing upperside, and the lunules well 



