FAM. BLATTlD.i: 3 



of the wing- in size, it now doubles by a transverse hinge over the rest of the wing and is also folded in 

 two along a longitudinal crease; it is not veined. In the genus Dibhpiera the laige apical area is veined 

 in a complex manner, the venation however being quite separate from that of the liasal jiarl of the wing. 



The legs are very similar to one another, no one pair being modified for leaping or for raptorial 

 purposes; amongst the Panesthina^ they are well adapted for the fossorial habits of this sub-famil}'. The 

 coxiB are large and iiattened and serve as shields to the ventral surface of thi- thorax. The trochanters 

 are moderate in size. The femora are generally compressed, with the upper border rounded, the lower 

 border with two keels ; the presence or absence of spines on these keels is a character of great taxonomic 

 importance. The tibiaj are heavily armed with spines. The larsi are five-jointed, the last joint bearing 

 two claws, between which may or mav not be present a lobe ijraioliuni : the under-surface of the olliei 

 joints is generall\- furnished with pads cjr puK illi and sometimes witli spines: the fnst j<jint is the longest 

 and is termed by most authors the metatarsus. 



The ahdnmen is large and consists of ten segments, not all of which however are visible, 

 since some of the ajiical segmenls are retracted and indexed; in eac-h segment a doj-sal plate or 

 tergum and a ventral plate or sternum is to be distinguisheil. The first dorsal plate is very reduced 

 in size and is, as a rule, more or less fused with the metanolum; ihe first ventnil plate may be still 

 more rudimentary. In the male cockroach ten dorsal i)lates are usualb xisililc. bin sometimes only 

 nine; in the female the eighth and nnilh terga are concealed beneath the sexenth tergum. The 

 tenth d')rsal plate is known as the lamina supra-analis, it is ditferent in shajie in the two sexes. 

 Nine ventral plates in the mal(> and seven in the female are visible, the last of the series (ninth in 

 the male, seventh in the female) is termeil the lannna subgenitalis and bears in the male a pair of 

 unjointed styles; these how'ever may be absent (Ectobia. l^iiicsllna etc. I, oi' onl\- one may be iiresent. a 

 notch in the subgenital lamina replacing the absent one [PhyUnihomid. Tciiiiki/'/itv.v. etc.i. In Ihe females 

 of the sub-family I^eriplanetina? the hinder part of the seventh ventral plate is divided and modified to form 

 a valvular apparatus, but in all the other sub-families the terminal vential i)late is a simple, semi-orbiculai 

 sti-uctuie. The eighth, ninth and tenth sterna in the female can only be demonstrated b\ dissection. 

 The tenth segment l)ears a pair of jointeil cerci which may be \ei y long oi reduced to a single joint {Paufs- 

 thia). In some species of the sub-families lictobina^ and Phyllodromina-, e. g. Ectohia laf'f'oinca, Hololamf^ra 

 margi]mta, PhyUodrumia iiicisa etc., certain glands which appear to be confineil to the m;de sex open to 

 the exterior on the dorsal surface of the abdomen near its apex; the opening is situated as a rule 

 between two terga, generall\ the seventh and eighth, an<l these terga are more or less modified. The 

 function ot the glands is quite obscure and the term « repugnatorial glands 'i applied to them by most 

 authors seems singularly inappropriate. Cosmozosteria fcrriigiiiea. Walk', is said to extrude two bright 

 orange-coloured vesicles from the extremity of the abdomen when irritated, and to emit a most 

 disgusting odour. There are ten pairs of shivades, two of which .are thoracic, eight abdominal; the 

 thoracic spiracles are situated between the bases of the legs, thev are different in structure to the 

 abdominal spiracles and may possibly be expiratory in their action, whilst the abdominal spiracles may 

 be inspiratory. In some genera (Epilampra, Rhicnoda etc.i the terminal spiracles lie at the base of shoit 

 spiracular tubes situated at the posterior angles of the nintli abdominal segment. 



Reproduction. — The eggs are laid in a chitinous capsule or ootheca fijrmed inside the liody 

 of the mother, who Irequently carries it about for some days, protruding from the end of her abdomen, 

 before she deposits it. A few species {Molytria maciilata, Epilampra buimeisteri, Panchlora viridis, Pmestltia 

 javaitica etc.) are viviparous. The larvae are not very dissimilar from the adult, but are of course 

 apterous; the larvte of winged species can be distinguished by the produced posterior angles of the 

 mesonotum and metanotum, but it is sometimes no easy matter to determine whether an example of an 

 apterous form is immature or adult and no certain diagnostic characters can be oftered. 



