MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEPIDOPTEEOUS PUPA. 211 



Pigs. 28, 29. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of the Pupa of Ornithoptera minos. 



Fig. 28. x4*25. The last four segments of a female pupa, seen from the ventral aspect. The anterior 

 generative opening is distinct upon the eighth, and the posterior upon the ninth abdominal 

 segments. Markings which can be easily distinguished from the surface-sculpture form the 

 distinct boundaries of lips, as in the anterior opening of Papilio (compare figs. 24 and 26). The 

 raised border overhanging the ninth abdominal is very broad, but strongly resembles that of 

 Papilio. The close affinity between Ornithoptera and Papilio is proved by such resemblances 

 between the pupse. The terminal attachment is seen to be far stronger in the former, being 

 related to the greater size and weight of the pupa. 



Fig. 29. x4'25. The same parts of the same pupa, as seen from the right side. The rudimentary 

 spiracle upon the eighth abdominal is seen to be much smaller than the functional one upon 

 the seventh. The tenth abdominal is clearly divided into a dorsal and ventral (anal) part. An 

 immensely strong cable of black silk hangs from the hooks beneath the posterior extremity of 

 the former, while the anterior extremity of the latter is formed by the raised border over- 

 hanging the ninth abdominal. 



Fig. .30. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of the Pupa of Gonepteryx rhamni. 



Fig. 30. X 9. Tlie last three segments of a female pupa, seen from the ventral aspect. The ante- 

 rior generative opening is large and distinct, occupying the whole breadth of the eighth 

 abdominal. The outline of the large lateral lips is V-shaped. The posterior opening seems to 

 be placed in the apex of the median prolongation of the tenth abdominal, while the ventral 

 part of the ninth abdominal does not appear upon the surface of the pupa. In this respect the 

 pupa resembles Papilio (compare figs. 24 and 26). The anus (A) is small but distinct ; the 

 area around and in front of it terminates anteriorly in a median and two lateral processes, the 

 latter being spine-like. The hooks for attachment are placed upon a curved area below the 

 posterior end of the pupa. 



Figs. 31-33. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of the Pupa of Nemeobius lucina. 



Fig. 31. X 9. The ninth and tenth abdominal segments of a female pupa, together with the median 

 ventral area of the sixth, seventh, and eighth abdominal segments, seen from the ventral and 

 posterior directions. The hairs on the surface of the pupa are not represented in the figure. 

 The anterior generative opening is distinct ; it is in the form of a slit occupying the median 

 ventral line of the eighth abdominal. The posterior opening could not be identified, and only 

 a very small part of the ventral area of the ninth abdominal could be seen on the surface, owing 

 to the extension forward of the raised border, forming the anterior part of the tenth abdominal. 

 The anus (A) is distinct, and the tenth abdominal is clearly divided into a dorsal (x') and 

 ventral (anal) part (x). 



Fig. 32. X 9. The last five segments of a male pupa, seen from the ventral aspect. The hairs are 

 represented, but they should be of rather greater proportionate length. The scars of larval 

 claspers are seen on the sixth abdominal. The anterior border of the tenth abdominal com- 

 pletely conceals the ventral part of the ninth, so that the male organs cannot be seen upon the 

 surface. 



Fig. 33. X 26. The last three segments of a male pupa seen from liehind and the right side. The hairs 



are not represented. The manner in which the ventral part of the ninth abdominal segment is 



overlapped by the tenth is clearly shown. The dorsal (rostral) part of the tenth abdominal 



(x') is separated into three subdivisions by furrows. The rudimentary spiracle is distinct on 



SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. V. 32 



