4 Fishery Board for Scotland. 



therefore bears the distinct stamp of its race or stock ; and that is 

 the case not only in respect to a certain few particulars of its body, 

 but, as one must admit, in all particulars, and at every stage of its 

 development. A race can be recognised by the outer dimensions 

 of the body as well as by the structure of the vertebral column, the 

 form of the skull, or the special phases of its development " 

 (p. Ivii). 



" The individuals of a race are in each character, as much as in 

 the combination of all their characters, the fortuitous phases of an 

 ideal type, which is exhibited in the averages of all the characters 

 of all the individuals, and under supposition of a fixed amount of 

 variation in each character " (p. xliv). 



" All the individuals of a race have the same average devia- 

 tion from the ideal type, but each is another permutation of the 

 same series of deviations. The sum of the squares of the deviations 

 from the race-type is the same for all, and is at the same time a 

 minimum " (p. xliv). 



" The head is much better adapted for the recognition of typical 

 racial differences, which consist in the legitimate combination of 

 numerous single characters, than the other parts of the body, because 

 it is formed of many skeleton parts " (p. 210). 



" Racial differences are found in the skull : they are not inferior 

 to those observed in the races of man. The extreme brachycephalous 

 skull of the Iceland herring has its antithesis in the impressed 

 dolichocephalous skull of the spring-herring of the Eastern Baltic " 

 (p. Iviii). 



Heincke's " attempt to draw up a natural grouping of the European 

 herring-races shows that the difference between the coast-herrings 

 and the sea-herrings must be deeply grounded in the constitution 

 of the fish ; it is with few exceptions associated with a difference in 

 the time of spawning. The sea-herrings are summer- or autumn- 

 spawners ; the coast-herrings, winter- or spring-spawners " (p. 

 Ixvii). 



" The spawning - shoal must be the starting-point of Race- 

 Investigation : it is therefore necessary to examine as many spawning- 

 shoals as possible " (p. xi). 



" If the spawning-shoals which seek out the Schlei in the spring 

 of each year are really the representatives of a special herring-race, 

 defined b}'- the fixed physical conditions of their dwelling-place, 

 they must show the same race-characters from one year's end to 

 another. To prove or refute this it will be necessary, in renewed 

 research, to get spawning-shoals in different years, and if possible 

 after an interval long enough, to avoid examining the same generation 

 of the race as on the previous occasion " (p. xi). • 



" If spawning-shoals having the same race-characters appear 

 yearly in the Schlei,'" Heincke concludes "that the fry of the Schlei 

 herrings, when they have grown up to maturity, are accustomed 

 to return to their birthplace to spawn " (p. xxvii). 



" It is probable that the herrings in early youth live in shoals, 

 which are composed of individuals pretty much of one age, since 

 they were born on one spot and within a short spawning period. 

 It is probable that a mixing of shoals of different ages occurs seldom, 

 and then only for a short time. One may, therefore, conclude that 



