96 H. P. STEENSBY. 
few of the fjords a few small settlements only are found, for instance in 
Godthaabsfjord, and in such places the ice may be of some importance as 
regards livelihood. The annual economic cycle in South Greenland is, 
therefore, more simple than is the case in North Greenland, and it is 
especially the case nowadays when the original yearly summer journeys to 
hunting and fishing grounds further inland in the coast country have been 
discontinued, barring a few slight rudimentary instances. 
The changes in the annual economic cycle, which can be demonstrated 
in South Greenland, are therefore not so closely connected with the essential 
changes in the geographical medium as with changes in the occurrence of 
animals to be hunted, occasioned by the migrations of the various aquatic 
mammals, the migratory flight of the birds, and the seasonal changes in 
regard to abundance of fish. From Holsteinsborg to somewhat south of 
the district of Godthaab, a series of settlements is found, situated furthest 
out in the Bay, the inhabitants of which, owing to their being able to hunt 
on the sea all the year round, have developed the use of the kayak to the 
highest perfection in Greenland. It would be natural to expect to find the 
most decidedly Subarctic nuances of culture on the southern part of the 
west coast of Greenland, near Julianehaab; but here the occurrence of the 
Polar sea-ice (”Storis”) can to a certain degree impart an Arctic colourmg to 
the character of the economic culture. But, nevertheless, the economic 
culture at Julianehaab is decidedly Subarctic. 
This is, however, not the case at the only inhabited area of the 
east coast, round Angmagsalik and Sermilik fjords, which is situated in 
65°—66° N. lat. At these fjords and their numerous arms lives a small 
group of Eskimo, the Angmagsaliks, who were discovered in 1884 by the 
Danish Konebaads Expedition under С. Horm; they numbered at that time 
upwards of 500 souls. Here the geographical conditions are more Arctic in 
character than is the case on the west coast on the same parallel of latitude. 
Not only are the outer coasts blocked during part of the year by the 
“Storis”, but in the fjords, also, the winter ice forms barriers; during 
Hor.m’s wintering, 1884—1885, the barriers were formed in the middle of 
January and broke up again in the middle of March. The supply of drift- 
wood is considerable. The Marine fauna in its main features is the same as 
on the west coast. Reindeer, hares and musk-ox had lived at Angmagsalik, 
but had disappeared even before 1884. Therefore, the Angmagsaliks are wholly 
dependent on the sea for their means of subsistence. During summer and 
autumn they hunt from kayaks. During winter Maupok hunting is carried 
on, and the Ituarpok hunting described above; during spring Utok hunting 
is practised. In former times, or probably until the beginning of the 19th 
century, whale hunting from umiaks was carried on. 
Consequently, it is seen both from the geographical conditions and from 
the cultural features corresponding to them, that the Eskimo culture at Ang- 
magsalik agrees most closely with the conditions on the west side of Disco 
Bay, or with those of the regions which are situated where the transition 
