An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 105 
in 1822, near Winter Island, were for the first time visited by the Eskimo 
on February 4. It appears to be certain thåt what determines this dispersal 
of the Eskimo is the amount of the supplies collected during the summer; 
thus, the more successful the reindeer hunting has been the longer does the 
winter sojourn last. When the supplies have been consumed it is necessary 
to resort to seal hunting on the smooth ice, or to walrus hunting, which is 
carried on at the ice-edge in the straits. 
During February and the following months the Maupok method is the 
one that is mentioned. When Lyon, on February 4, 1822, paid a visit to 
the snow houses of the recently arrived Eskimo, he found numerous 
evidences of seal hunting having newly been carried on, and during the 
time which ensued the men were either busy hunting at the seal holes or 
hunting walruses, if there was open water in the neighbourhood. Later on, 
in the spring and in the beginning of summer, they apply themselves to 
the hunting of seals which comes up upon the ice, and this hunting is 
continued until the ice breaks up in the beginning of July. 
As regards walrus hunting, there is occasional mention of hunting not 
only during all the winter months, but also in the summer in open water. 
As the walrus herds found between the drifting ice-cakes are hunted both 
summer and winter the methods of hunting are also, on the whole, the same. 
During winter they must make journey on sledges to the ice-edge in the 
middle of the strait, taking the kayak on the sledge. During summer some 
of the Eskimo set out direct in their kayaks and lift these up onto a cake 
of ice, which they row towards the herd, after having fastened the harpoon 
line to the ice. When the wounded walrus is sufficiently exhausted, the 
Eskimo goes out in his kayak and kills it with his lance. From the ice- 
edge, during winter, the same method is used, or it is harpooned, killed, 
and drawn up on the ice by modes of procedure similar to those used by 
‚ the Polar Eskimo. HarL mentions walrus-hunting during the summer season 
in open water at the head of Lyon Inlet, but he does not give a detailed 
description of the mode of hunting. Seal hunting from kayak is of little 
importance, and it appears, according to Boas, that only the bladder dart 
is used on these occasions. With this tribe umiaks are not mentioned, 
and Parry and Lyon emphasize the fact that it does not occur, although 
the tribe knew the word “umiak’’, whereby it designated the English ships. 
The kayaks are described as small and light and are paddled with double- 
bladed paddles. Lyon saw a kayak of which the ribs consisted of lashed 
together fragments of the wood of Polar willow. The almost entire want of 
drift-wood, and the fact that the greater part of the summer is spent near 
lakes and rivers, is evidently the reason why no umiaks are built. Besides, 
while travelling in the interior, the kayak is easier to carry, and is necessary 
as regards the reindeer hunting. In the case of passengers or goods having 
to be conveyed across a piece of water, two kayaks are lashed together, 
which provides a serviceable ferry-boat. The dog sledge is, however, the 
chief means of conveyance for travelling, and can be used during nine 
