An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 1135 
themselves and heard whence they came, and partly because both he and 
GILDER use the names Ugjulik and Netchillik indiscriminately. As regards 
the distribution of the rest of the Ugjulik Eskimo during May and the 
beginning of June 1879 Ктотзснак states that they live dispersed in small 
groups of two or seven families along the north and west coasts of Adelaide 
Peninsula, where, at this season of the year, they subsist by seal hunting 
and fishing. SchwarkA places them opposite King William Land along the 
north coast of the Adelaide Peninsula from Montreal Island to Point Grant, 
north of Sherman Inlet. Mc. Crintock’s observations from 1859 and Ross’s - 
from the years 1830 and 1831, as also the information he gained by ques- 
tioning the Eskimo, show that late in spring the Netchillik Eskimo proper 
again gather together near Boothia Isthmus. In May and June Ross came 
across them living in snow houses on the ice out in Spence Bay and 
Josephine Bay on the west coast, and in Toms Bay on the east coast. All 
these bays are indentations which extend far inland, and are instrumental 
in narrowing the isthmus. Here the Eskimo occupied themselves partly 
in catching salmon and small torsk, both of which they caught through 
openings in the ice, and partly in seal hunting. 
The Eskimo evidently have a twofold reason for gathering together 
near Boothia Isthmus late in spring. Firstly it is necessary, before the ice 
becomes rotten and difficult to traverse by means nf sledges, to make for 
the coasts of the mainland, and there replace the Maupok hunting with the 
hunting of seals which come up onto the ice. There is, moreover, this 
particular reason for the places of gathering being on both sides of Boothia 
Isthmus and along the south coast of Simpson Strait, that the Eskimo must 
be at this particular place in order to be able to begin hunting reindeer 
when the latter come from the south, and to be able to begin catching 
salmon as soon as the fresh water becomes ice-free. , 
So long as the Eskimo live upon the sea-ice, or at any rate in the 
immediate neighbourhood of it, they always use snow houses as dwellings. 
In 1830 Ross saw snow houses in a fjord as late as June Ist. They were 
not, however, closed at the top with an arch of snow, lke the snow houses 
proper, but were covered with skins. A week afterwards he met the group 
which had been living in the above-mentioned snow houses near Lake 
Netchillik, and there it lived in skin tents, and this was the mode of 
dwelling which was found to be constantly used near lakes and rivers where 
the Eskimo lived during the whole summer. ‘The fishing of salmon yields 
rich returns. The fish is dried and stored away under stones and blocks of 
rock to serve as a supply for winter use. But the chief summer activity 
of the men is reindeer hunting, which is carried on from kayaks at such 
places on rivers, lakes and long, narrow fjords as the reindeer herds 
must swim across. Around Netchillik it is also customary by erecting 
rows of stones, to entice the deer into an ambush or into a lake. Such 
rows of stones are recorded from the south coast of King William 
Land and from the district around Back River. Consequently, the 
LUI. 8 
