An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 115 
stone circles with walls about one metre in height. The largest consisted 
of an oval 4.3 metres long and 3.7 metres broad. These stone walls which 
remind one of the winter houses on Iglulik can hardly have had anything 
to do with summer tents. Nothing remains but to regard them as unroofed 
winter dwellings. The reason why Ross was. misled into calling them 
summer houses was mostly his wish to distinguish them from the snow 
houses. GILDER mentions similar winter houses from King William Land, 
where according to him, they are fairly numerous, and he compares them 
with those similar to them on Iglulik. 
As regards the chief group of the Netchillik region, which keeps to the 
Boothia Isthmus, it is now possible, as regards the main features, to render 
an account of its settlements and its wanderings at the different seasons, 
with all due regard to its dependence on natural conditions. One more 
circumstance, viz., absence of wood, must, however, also be mentioned. 
The later expeditions did not find wood conspicuously wanting, the FRANKLIN 
Expedition having supplied wood sufficient for a long period. Ross, on the 
other hand, among the first Eskimo who visited him in 1830, found har- 
poons of which the shafts were made of small pieces of wood and bone 
joined together very cleverly, and with great care. For the rest, European 
culture had even then reached them in the form of a few English knife- 
blades. One would almost think that the absence of wood would prevent 
the making of the Eskimo ice-sledge, with its high runners, but one sees 
that the want was supplied. At the magnetic pole Mc. Crinrock met Eskimo 
who had sledges with runners made of rolled-up, frozen, seal-skın, which 
were bound together with transverse pieces of bone. On Matty Island the 
same author found some sledges which had been left behind, and the 
runners of which were about 1 metre long, about 7 cm. broad, and 10 cm. 
high. On a lake, Ross saw, in the spring of 1831, sledges which were 
made of ice. On November 9th, 1903, AMUNDSEN visited an Ugjulit-tribe 
which lived on King William Land, south-west of Gjéa Harbour; it was living 
in six huts in a district where autumn hunting was plentiful. ” On March 17th, 
1904, on his way to the magnetic pole, he encountered, in the neighbour- 
hood of Matty Island, Netchillik Eskimo who were living in snow houses 
on the sea-ice, which was level and glassy between the scattered areas of 
pack-ice. He met the men belonging to the tribe just as they were pursuing 
Maupok hunting, each with his dog led in a string. As pointed out by 
AMUNDSEN, it was just in the same district and at the same season of the 
year that Mc. Ciinrock met these Eskimo in 1859. Naturally, ‘“Gjöa” had 
attractions for the Eskimo of both tribes, so that they settled down by 
preference in the neighbourhood of the ship. But before the ice broke up 
they were obliged to set out for the reindeer-hunting, and fishing, grounds. 
But as soon as the ice had formed again in the autumn they came back 
and lived on meat and fish from their stores. In 1908 these supplies were 
consumed by the middle of January, and the Eskimo were obliged to resort 
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