158 H. P. STEENSBY. 
referred to are the inhabitants of the Archipelago (the Eskimo near 
Coronation Gulf, the Netchillik district, etc.), where the Arctic culture 
is most distinct. Here the winter lasts nine months of the year, and the 
summer only about three. From an anthropogeographical point of view 
the winter ends when the winter ice breaks up on the sea and there is 
open water, and the summer ends wlfen the fresh water is frozen over 
and the reindeer herds leave the tundra. 
When one gets away from the Archipelago, along the coasts 
of Alaska, Greenland or Baffinland and Labrador, the difference in the 
seasons alters, the winter gradually becoming shorter and the summer 
longer; that is to say, the sea is covered with ice during a shorter period. 
At the same time the ice is less extensive. Open sea prevails during 
a greater and still greater part of the year. 
The winter place of abode varies in a corresponding manner. 
The sojourn on the sea ice is shortened. The change takes place expe- 
cially from the fact that it gradually happens that it is not the entire 
population which moves out on the ice, but the hunters only, while 
the families live in the settlements, which, on account of the access to 
the ice, are situated on the coast, and especially on the headlands. The 
dwellings consist of permanent winter houses. Snow houses gradually 
fall into disuse. 
When one gets still further away from the Archipelago, along the 
coasts mentioned above, one comes to regions where the sea ice no longer 
plays any part as regards hunting. One then comes to the Subarctic 
Eskimo, whose place of abode throughout the winter is the coast. There 
the conditions as regards access to the open sea and the possibility of 
landing in skin boats determine the site of the settlement. Kayak 
hunting becomes by far the most important occupation throughout the 
winter. During a part of the summer kayak hunting may also take 
place, or there may be periods of whale hunting. But the rule is, that 
these Subarctic Eskimo, like the Arctic, during the summer make journeys 
into the interior for the purpose of fishing in the rivers (especially for 
salmon) and of hunting reindeer. 
Consequently, the Subarctic Eskimo have the same summer culture 
as have the Arctic Eskimo, even if it plays a somewhat different råle 
among the different groups. As mentioned above, in some groups inland 
hunting is entirely abandoned. 
The following is the table for the Subarctic Eskimo: 
Principal | 
| Place of abode| Occupation Implements 
Dwelling 
er ( The coast. Hunting in Kayak; har- Earth house. 
\ | kayaks. | poon; (umiak). 
( Inland (other- Inland hunt- | Kayak; lance; | Tent. 
Summer ...... , | wise thecoast). ing; Fishing | Salmon spear; | 
| in rivers. | bow and arrow. | 
| | 
