160 H. P. STEENSBY. 
circle. Those used in Utok and Maupok hunting are as a rule thrusting 
harpoons and fairly simple in form. But in the hunting at the cracks 
in the ice harpoons must be used which can be thrown. The relationship 
between the three main methods is as follows: in the central, most Arctic 
regions, as for instance in the Netchillik and Coronation Gulf districts, the 
Maupok method is the most important, and it is pursued during the 
greater part of the sojourn on the sea ice. The Utok method is the next 
in importance. 
But the further one gets away from these regions westwards or 
eastwards the more the conditions are altered, in so far as there is 
less and still less occasion for the employment of the Maupok method, 
while the Utok method and still more the hunting at the cracks in 
the ice still play an important röle for a time. Thus, the Utok hunting 
and the hunting at the cracks in the ice are of importance in Norton 
Sound, while the Maupok method is only occasionally employed; it has 
ceased to be of importance even north of Bering Strait. In West Green- 
land there is also occasion to observe that the Utok hunting and, espe- 
cially, the hunting at the cracks in the ice play a great röle even after 
the Maupok method has ceased to exist as a regular method of procuring 
a livelihood. In West Greenland the border-land as regards the impor- 
tance of the Maupok hunting as a means of procuring a livelihood was 
undoubtedly in old days Umanak Bay and the districts at the head 
of Disco Bay. 
With regard to the hunting at the cracks in the ice — which can, 
however, scarcely be designated a fixed method of hunting as are the 
Maupok and the Utok methods, among other reasons, because the 
Maupok and the Utok methods are only used in hunting seals, while 
by the more vernal hunting at the cracks in the ice not only the common 
seals are caught, but also walruses and various species of whales (White 
Whales and Narwhals) — it should further be stated that the hunting 
has begun to take the kayak into its service. While with the Maupok 
and Utok methods the dog sledge only has been used, in the hunting 
at the ice-cracks the kayak also begins to be employed, both to ferry 
the hunter across the wide cracks in the ice and to fetch home the booty 
harpooned at the ice-edge. Thus the hunting at the cracks in the ice 
forms a transition from hunting on the ice to kayak hunting on the 
open sea. 
Besides the three main methods of hunting on ice mentioned here, 
it should be remembered that there are other methods, -such as the hunt- 
ing on smooth ice, and especially the ituarpok method mentioned under 
Greenland, which is probably of very ancient date, and of interest as 
regards the history of the origin of the ice-hunting methods. 
The hunting of the musk ox is partly a summer and partly a winter 
occupation, but plays only a slight and local röle on account of the 
musk-ox having been decimated. The winter musk-ox hunting was 
