An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 163 
curs, then, as a product of accretion, the individual parts of which 
are partly of Eskimo and American (lance, throwing harpoon, and 
throwing board; the bird dart must also be included among these), 
partly of Asiatic origin (the hunting bladder probably and the double 
paddle). 
The Umiak and my theory which regards it as borrowed originally 
from the Pacific-Asiatics have already been mentioned. As an argument 
in favour of its southern origin and its distribution from the western 
Eskimo regions to the eastern, the sails may be mentioned. From the 
oldest times of ‘‘discoveries” sails have been recorded not only from the 
distriets around Bering Strait, but also from Davis Strait, where even 
Frobisher saw umiaks with sails. 
Eskimo Dwellings and Garments. 
The dwellings also bear witness to the fact that the Eskimo possess 
a rich culture. Several of the neighbouring tribes living immediately 
south of the Eskimo, such as the Nenenot Indians in Labrador, the Tin- 
neh tribes west of Hudson Bay, and the Kutchin tribes in the interior 
of Alaska have the same type of dwellings both for summer and 
winter use. | 
With other North American and North Asiatic peoples, on the 
other hand, the summer and winter houses differ both in type and in 
construction. But the Arctic Eskimo have, besides the summer house, 
two quite different kinds of winter house, both equally useful; viz., the 
snow house, and the house built of stones, earth, and wood or whales’ 
bones. This is a case parallel to that of the kayak and the umiak. 
From a purely anthropogeographical point of view, the earth house 
among the Arctic Eskimo tends to become the house into which the 
Eskimo move in the autumn, and in which they live as long as the 
stores from the autumn hunting last. These earth houses are situated 
at stated places, usually near the coast, and often on promontories or 
high points. As a rule new houses are no longer built, the existing 
ones being used after the necessary repairs have been effected and the 
roofs renewed. By way of distinguishing it from the earth house the 
snow house may be defined as the hunting lodge of the winter and spring, 
without which the wandering life on the sea ice would not be possible. 
In the meantime it is difficult to believe that this distinction in 
the use of the houses is a satisfactory argument for the necessity of 
two different kinds of winter house coming into existence — or groups 
of winter houses, as in reality the winter house of earth, stone and wood 
or bones falls into several types, as will be mentioned later on. It is 
also seen that the snow house is not used by the Subarctic Eskimo, 
while, with the most decidedly Arctic Eskimo in the inner parts of the 
Archipelago, the snow house is now usually the predominant one, and 
the old ruins of permanent houses are left unused. 
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