An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 165 
to Alaska. It occurs in somewhat different forms, which, however, may 
probably be regarded as local variations of one and the same primi- 
tive form (cf. pp. 187 sqq.), 
The Eskimo Skin-garment shows from west to east a certain uni- 
formity. Differences and local peculiarities occur, however. We have 
the most motley picture from south-western Alaska of the forms of 
the garments, which, in agreement with Rink, I was inclined to 
attribute to outside influences — Indian influence, according to Rink’s 
opinion, or influence of Asiatic origin, perhaps of the Pacific-Asiatics. 
Considered anthropogeographically, this latter assumption appears still 
to me more probable, but from an ethnographical point of view the 
opinion has lately been expressed that these diverging forms of garments 
from south-western Alaska must be very ancient local formst. 
A comparative description of the Eskimo skin-garments has recently 
been given by GupmunD Harr in his book cited above, in which the 
Arctic skin-garments both in America and in Eurasia for the first 
time are made the subject of a fundamental treatment. With regard 
to the Eskimo, Harr arrives at the conclusion that their garments belong 
to the oldest complex of forms of skin garments which are known from 
the Arctic region, and that certain secondary west and east Eskimo 
peculiarities meet in the central regions, from which he infers that the 
Eskimo forms have originated from the regions west and north-west 
of Hudson Bay. 
Conclusions regarding the Arctic and Subarctic forms of Culture. 
According to the above survey we can divide the Eskimo methods 
of hunting and the implements they use in connection with their 
economic life into three main groups. 
First Group. In this are included such methods and implements as 
are distributed both among the Arctic and Subarctic Eskimo; for in- 
stance, the various methods of reindeer hunting (where there is oppor- 
tunity for it), the salmon spear, tent, bow and arrow, etc. In other 
words, they are partly the summer implements of the inland, and 
partly implements such as the bow and arrow, which are not specially 
Eskimoic as regards their uses (quite another thing is that the 
Eskimo in their compound bow have created a variation of tbe “com- 
posite bow.” 
Second Group. This consists of such methods and implements as 
occur among the Subarctic Eskimo towards the west and the east, but 
the distribution of which is interrupted in the central regions. Here 
may be mentioned, for instance, kayak hunting on the open sea and the 
highly developed hunting kayak, the umiak, bird-dart, ete. 
1 GupmunD HATT, р. 108. 
