An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 185 
on the one side the most exact conformity between the northern Prairie 
Indians and the Tundra Indians, or those Forest Indians who spend the 
summer on the tundra, and, on the other side, the Arctic Eskimo. It is 
quite characteristic of the latter that they spend the summer in the inte- 
rior, where they live m tents and carry on salmon fishing and reindeer 
hunting. The methods of hunting are the same with Eskimo and Indians; 
but the hunting within fences is especially conspicuous. The diversities 
are only such as are involved in the altered geographical conditions. 
On the prairie the animal hunted, in the proper sense of the word, is 
the bison; on the tundra it is the reindeer. The Forest Indians use the 
birch-bark canoe — also during their summer stay on the tundra. The 
Eskimo who are debarred from the forest have had to resort to skin for 
covering their boats. Indeed, even the difference between the river 
kayak of skin. and certain — older — forms of birch-bark canoes can, 
I think, be reduced essentially to a difference in material. 
When we then regard the winter culture, there at once appears 
to be a great difference. But this difference will, however, prove to be 
more apparent than essential in kind. The characteristic of the Eskimo 
is the life on the smooth winter ice with its methods of ice-hunting, 
and the snow house. What the facts as regards the origin of the snow 
house and of the other forms of Eskimo houses are, I shall endeavour 
to unravel in the following section. 
Then there remains the methods of hunting on the ice, as also the 
winter hunting of the musk ox, still occasionally employed, which for- 
merly seems to have been of great importance. The methods and expe- 
- dients used with this musk-ox hunting correspond with those of the 
Prairie Indians on their winter bison hunting. 
As regards the methods of hunting seals on the ice, the described 
culture of the Forest Indians has methods which are in reality also 
precursors of these. Naturally one cannot expect to find precursors of 
the Utok method, as this spring hunting method is in such a special de- 
gree due to a peculiarity which only the seals exhibit in their mode of 
living, e. g., that they creep up onto the surface of the ice in order 
to sun themselves. The Maupok method, on the other hand, is nothing 
but an adaptation to the fishing through holes in the ice so commonly 
carried on in the Hudson regions, which are so rich in rivers and lakes. 
Another old Eskimo method of seal hunting, viz., the ituarpok method 
was even rediscovered direct”, 
When regarding the forms of the winter implements there is a greater 
! The method, however, is — as little as the ice-fishing оп the whole — hardly 
“Hudson” in its origin, it is refound with the remaining methods of hunting 
on the ice at the rivers of Northern Siberia. Probably it has come from 
Asia with the Palæasiatic-American expansion of culture which presumably 
took place long previous to there being a question of any kind of Eskimo 
culture. 
