186 H. P. STEENSBY. 
difference between the Eskimo and the Prairie and Forest Indian forms, 
than there seems to be between the forms of the summer implements. 
Even the river kayak could probably be traced back rather closely to 
certain forms of the birch-bark canoe; but as regards the Eskimo forms 
of harpoons and sledges the matter is somewhat different. The snow 
shoes, on the other hand, are not essentially different. The sledge is of 
quite another type than the Indian tohoggan, and the harpoons display 
a development and richness in form for which we have no match in the 
Forest region. In these respects, therefore, the Eskimo winter culture 
shows a peculiar stamp, which must be considered partly to be caused 
by the separate development brousht about by the great possibilities 
which the hunting of seals on the ice presents and by the special de- 
mands made by this, and partly to be due to influences from without. We 
must remember that the observed arctic winter culture is not the ori- 
ginal Palæeskimo winter culture, but a Neoeskimo form i. e. a mixture 
of Palæeskimo adaptative culture with foreign influences. Only if in the 
Archipelago we had still had a Paleeskimo culture, should we be able 
to observe direct the special development brought about by the hunting 
on sea ice. 
Thus, when we collect these observations of a comparative character, 
we see that the Palæeskimo culture, from the summer point of view, 
has, or I should say had, not deviated essentially from the North Indian 
eulture. From the winter point of view, on the other hand, it is different; 
but our investigation of the nature of this diversity, however, also leads 
the winter culture back to the same source. In this way these obser- 
vations lead to the following result: 
The Palæeskimo culture was an original North Indian 
form of culture, the winter side of which had become spe- 
cially and strongly developed by adaptation to the winter 
ice of the Arctic Ocean. 
