84 Г.Р. Косн. 
Besides the chief cartographic object of the expedition there 
were several others of a secondary character: 
1) The making of minute survey maps of the winter quarters 
and their immediate surroundings, as well as of other localities, 
wherever the scientists might wish for such maps. 
2) An accurate determination of the geographical co-ordinates of 
the winter quarters. 
3) An investigation of the conditions of refraction. 
Instruments. 
During the early part of the winter of 1905—06 My ius-ERICHSEN 
commissioned me to take charge of the measuring of the stretch 
from Ardencaple Inlet to Kap Bridgman. This work had to be done 
during the stay of the Danmark-Ekspedition in Northeast Greenland, 
but it was limited in so far as the expedition, according to the pro- 
gramme, was to go south to Franz Joseph’s Fjord already after the 
first winter. On the other hand I could take it for granted that the 
chief object of the expedition being a cartographical one, particular 
energy would be directed to this work, even if other departments 
had to suffer. 
It was not only HAGEN who was particularly told off to assist 
with the cartographical work, but nearly all of those who were 
going to accompany me on the expedition, who took a very great 
interest in the survey of the country, which circumstance contributed 
very much to strengthen my own energy and belief that we should 
succeed. To be sure, I was the only one among the members of the 
expedition who until then had been occupied with practical survey 
work, but I did not regard this as vitally important. From experience 
I knew how easy it is for those who have received a practical edu- 
cation to carry out a geographical survey of comparatively small 
and limited fields, when using primitive instruments and the corres- 
ponding primitive methods. 
The fundamental idea of our programme, as laid down at home, 
was that the cartographical work should be done by means of 
sledge journeys, though surveys were also to be made from the ship 
on as large a scale as possible. However, as I did not expect much 
from this latter method, the ship of the expedition was not provided 
with special instruments for this purpose, and owing to the unfavour- 
able ice conditions no attempt was made to undertake surveys from 
the ship. 
The conditions on long sledge trips through uninhabited tracts 
are of such a nature that it is hardly possible to undertake photo- 
graphic surveys. Not only is the photo-theodolite too complicated 
