204 I. P. Kocn. 
The instrument with which the measurement of angles was per- 
formed, was a small universal instrument supplied by Max Hilde- 
brand, Freiberg, Sachsen. The telescope had an objective aperture 
of 2cm, 15cm focal length, and fourteen times magnifying power. 
To the telescope belonged a diagonal eye piece with coloured glass. 
The horizontal circle, the diameter of which was 8 cm, was divided 
into half degrees with vernier reading in whole minutes. The vertical 
circle, the diameter of which was 9!/a em, was divided into thirds of 
degrees with vernier reading in half minutes. The divisions on both 
circles and on the verniers were so accurate and sharp, and the 
single parts of the instrument fitted so well together that the reading 
could be estimated rather accurately in tenths of a minute. The 
divisions on the level of the vertical circle were nearly 20”, on the 
level of the axis nearly 30”. Both levels were provided with an air 
chamber, a necessary precaution on arctic travels; also all the screws 
and the settings of the eye pieces were covered with ebonite, as they 
were to be used in a low temperature. 
By means of a central screw with a spiral spring the instrument 
was fastened to a tripod; the three levelling screws rested in slits 
on the head of the tripod. The legs of the latter were telescopic, 
but nevertheless sufficiently stiff for the purpose. In windy weather, 
however, a bag filled with stones was suspended between the legs 
of the tripod in order to increase the stability. 
To the instrument belonged a compass, by means of which we 
could make rough determinations of the magnetic declination. 
The expedition carried six of these small universal instruments, 
to be used in the course of the geographical survey. These small 
instruments are ideally suited for use on sledge trips. Their con- 
centrated construction and excellent packing enable them to bear 
the rough handling, which they are necessarily subjected to on sledge 
trips. The packing method might, however, be a trifle improved. 
Thus it would be an advantage, if the diagonal eye piece could 
remain screwed on to the telescope, when the instrument was packed 
in its box, and likewise that the objective end of the telescope was 
clamped on to the shelf of the box, on which the instrument stands, 
for instance by means of a hasp or in some similar way. During 
the constant and violent shakings on a sledge trip in pack ice it 
must be borne in mind that the clamp of the telescope may easily 
become loosened, in which case the objective end is made to clash 
with the back wall of the box of the instrument, whereas the 
diagonal eye piece, when attached to the telescope, is made to rub 
against the shutter of the box. The effects of this became, in their 
turn, a slight twisting of the horizontal circle or bending of the 
