398 Т.Р. Косн. 
principal direction of the wind; tidal cracks and ridges along the 
shore are indicated quite faintly on the map. 
Some species of birds chiefly live in a special kind of terrain 
which is characterized by certain peculiarities of the vegetation 
conditions of the soil.!) In the map these areas, which are thus also 
ornithologically different, are designated by various signatures. For 
the rest names and designations are so chosen that from the map 
direct one gets an impression of the abundance of species of birds 
which are to be found in this place. However, it is a matter of 
course that all the species have not been represented by the names; 
this, for instance, holds good of gull, ptarmigan, eiderduck and 
several others. 
The map is a plane table survey. As the conditions were very 
unfavourable for the determination of the station by means of tri- 
angulation points, the survey was inaugurated by a cursory recon- 
noitring of the terrain, in the course of which the most important 
stations were marked off by means of small cairns. After that a 
base was measured on the fjord ice, between Terneskæret (the Sea- 
swallow Skerry) and the shore, and from the termini of the latter 
the nearest cairns were determined by means of graphic intersection 
of bearings. After that the other stations were determined, also by 
means of graphic intersection, according as the survey progressed. 
This method, which may give good results, when a smaller terrain 
has to be surveyed, would have been inapplicable in the case of 
the above-mentioned far more comprehensive survey, scale 1 : 50000 
and 1: 100000. For each square kilometre nearly ten points have 
been determined, which in this terrain was sufficient to enable us 
to sketch the relief, with considerable exactitude, by means of hori- 
zontal curves with an equidistance of 5 metres. At the publication 
I therefore in this place retained the curves. 
Karte der Gnipahöhle (Map of the Gnipa Grotto), scale 1 : 4000 
(Pl. I). A description of the Gnipa Grotto will be found in the present 
volume pp. 62-77. Here I will only mention the method of survey. 
The survey was performed by myself, alternately assisted by 
JARNER, WEGENER and others. 
The position of this grotto in the terrain was determined by 
means of a trigonometric station pointing, in which manner we 
furthermore attained a reliable starting point for the levellings. The 
altitudes of the plotted points are in the map given in metres with 
one decimal. 
1) For further particulars see MANNICHE's: The terrestrial mammals and birds of 
North-East Greenland, Medd. om Grønland XLV, pp. 7—9. 
