Survey of Northeast Greenland. 423 
result of calm weather will be that the last great ice floes are not 
broken up and permit the cold once more to make the broken ice 
one united whole. 
Where the fjord ice remains throughout the summer and thus 
becomes perennial, the first condition for the formation of the 
sikosak — 1.е. ice on the sea formed on the spot, simply by the 
fall of snow — is present. 
When the weight of the deposited snow has pressed the fjord 
ice down to a certain depth, presumably about a couple of metres, 
the latter cannot, even during the hardest winter season, increase 
downward by freezing, and in case the ice is weighed further down, 
melting will take place throughout the year on the under surface. 
Fig. 107. Wall of pebbles and gravel, about 1m high, formed by the fjord ice 
crushing in across land during a fohn storm. Germania Land. July. 
The original fjord ice, formed by the freezing of the sea water, must 
consequently melt off, and that which remains is entirely due to the 
fall of snow. 
Ås a matter of fact there may, in the coast sea and the fjords, 
form névés and glacier tongues in a manner corresponding alto- 
gether with those which form on land. The general condition for a 
formation of this kind is the same in both places, i. e. that the 
quantity of snow deposited exceeds the total waste of snow and ice, 
but in order that a considerable sikosak may form, it is a further 
condition that the ice is not to be broken up and to drift away. 
From a letter from FREUCHEN I learn that the formation of the 
sikosak is a well-known phenomenon among the Eskimos in the 
fjords of the Cape York district. Here fjords may be met with into 
which no glaciers debouch, but which are nevertheless filled with a 
glacier having a well-developed system of crevasses. The Cape York 
Eskimos know that glaciers of this kind do not continue to exist, 
but that after an interval of many years they disintegrate and go 
