88 AGRICULTURAL REPORT. 
deposits from fifty to four hundred or five hundred small yellow eggs. When hatched 
the insects escape from the gall through an orifice in the weper side of the leaf, 
which was never entirely closed, and, taking up their abode on the young and tender 
leaves, in their turn form new galls. Sometimes one to four mother lice are found in 
asingle gall. The galls generally appear about May or June, and are commonly found 
most abundant on the Clinton and Taylor varieties of the frost grape, ( Vilis cordifolia,) 
and not on the Catawba, Isabella, and Concord, which are derived from our wild Vitis 
labrusca. When the mother louse has deposited all her eggs in the so-called gall, she 
dies, and the excrescence dries up. This goes on all the season until antunin, and the 
Fig. 55. vine having finished its growth, the young lice, finding no more 
succulent leaves, begin to wander and to seek the roots, so that by 
the end of September the galls are deserted, and the lice, attaching 
themselves to the roots, either singly or in little groups, cause by 
their punctures little swellings and knots, which eventually become 
rotten. The lice, also, change their appearance under ground, shed- 
ding their skins, and, instead of presenting a smooth appearance, 
becomes tubercled, and the insect passes the winter in the tubercled 
state; but whether in the spring these tubercled individuals produce 
winged males and females which rise in the air, pair, and, by de- 
positing eggs, give birth to apterous females which form the gall- 
producing colonies, or whether they lay eggs on the roots, the young 
' from which crawl up to the leaves to found gall-producing colonies, 
is not positively known. 
Dr. Shimer, however, states that he has seen four-winged insects in the 
autumn in galls destroyed by parasites. Mr. Riley, in proof of the the- 
ory that Phylloxera vastatrix, (Planch.) and Pemphigus vitifolie, of Fitch, 
are one and the same insect, in different forms, having different habits, 
states that he has proved by transferring to roots the young grape-lice 
hatched trom galls, and by successfully feeding them on those roots, 
that one smooth gall-inhabiting type gives birth to the tubercled root- 
inhabiting type: and, also, that our gall insects (Pemphigus vitifolie, Fiteh,) | 
take the root in the fall, on which they cause the same cankerous spots and 
Fig. 56. swellings as does the P. vastatrix of Hurope, and 
on which they evidently hybernate, just as P. 
’\/\. vastatrix is known to do. Several years ago I 
4 peo \ found the gall-inhabiting insect in lowa on a 
AA/-7,\ wild grape, and since then, in Maryland, on 
cultivated species. Last year several specimens 
of the gall-intested leaves were sent to the De- 
partment from a Clinton vine, and, although the 
roots were examined some time afterward, no 
trace of any of the root-inhabiting species could 
be discovered. The remedies proposed for the 
root-louse are carbolic acid, sulphuret of lime 
dissolved in water, and an oil known among 
veterinary Surgeons as “oil of cade,” dissolved in water. These were 
found the best specifics, but none of them have been tried on an extensive 
scale. Perhaps an application of hot water, as recommended for the 
apple root-louse might answer, if the ground were cleared away in 
winter from the roots, and the water not too hot to injure the plants. 
As tor the gall insects, great care should be taken to gather all the gall- 
infested leaves when they make their first appearance, aud to burn them 
immediately, so that none escape to found the root-injuring colonies in 
the fall and winter. 
The apple or oyster-shell bark-louse, Aspidiotus conchiformis, (Gmelin,) 
Fig. 57, having oblong, flattish, brown scales, with white 
eggs, and the native apple bark-louse, Aspidiotus 
Harrisii, (Walsh,) of which the scale is oval, almost 
my flat, and of a pure white color, with red eggs, may 
be destroyed when the young are hatching out of 
