THE DATRY.- | eS) 
tendence of the district comprising New York, Brooklyn, and certain 
neighboring towns, has presented to the board a report concerning the 
results of investigations made by him in 1869 into the character of the 
milk supplied to consumers in that district, from which we glean the fol- 
lowing facts: 2 
During the year 293 specimens of milk were chemically examined. 
Forty-one of these were taken in the latter part of February from cans 
in the hands of miikmen arrested in the act of diluting milk. Four 
samples contained proportions of pure milk ranging from 37 to 60 per 
cent.; nineteen contained 80 to 97 per cent. of pure milk ; the remaining 
eighteen were entirely pure, probably for the reason that the work of 
dilution had been interrupted. In addition to these forty-one cans, four 
cans filled with water were found in the hands of milkmen. 
In April, seven samples of milk were collected at one of the crowded 
cow Stables in Brooklyn. These samples were specially deficient in butter 
gl8bules, and were in every respect inferior to the milk of healthy cows. 
No other indieation of disease could be detected in the milk. The blood 
of the confined cows was found to be strikingly deficient in red cor- 
puscules, containing from 2 to 6 per cent. more water than is present in 
healthy blood. Notwithstanding the fair appearance of these cows, 
they were not in a sound, healthy condition, and though analysis might 
fail to detect any specific poison in their milk, it could not be considered 
healthy food. Other large cow stables, to which the attention of the 
board had been called, were found to be overcrowded, dark, damp, and 
deficient in ventilation, but the animals kept in them generally presented 
a fair appearance. ~ . 
In June and July, two hundred and ten samples purchased from retail 
dealers in various parts of the district were analyzed. In these the per- 
centage of pure milk, as shown by the lactometer, varied from 37-per 
cent. to above the standard, averaging 724 per cent. 
During the last four months of 1869, thirty-five samples were exam- 
ined, in which the percentage of pure milk ranged from 50 per cent. to 
above the standard, averaging 82.44 per cent. In these samples, as in 
all others analyzed during the year, water was the only adulterating 
substance discovered. 
Mr. Chandler states that the average quality of the milk supply of the 
cities of New York and Brooklyn is represented by the addition of one 
quart of water to every three quarts of pure milk. 
Milk production near New York.—In Essex .and Union Counties, New 
Jersey, lying a short distance from the city of New York, and including 
within their bounds a large eity and town population, the production 
of milk has become the leading agricuitural interest. 
Although the soil of these counties—a clayey loam, well watered by 
springs and streams—is admirably adapted to grazing, the high price 
of land, averaging about $300 per acre, necessitates a special system of 
feeding. The larger number of those engaged in milk production own 
only a few acres each, on which are kept from six to ten cows. A few 
herds number from twenty-five to thirty head, but a herd numbering 
fifty cows or more is rarely seen. From early in May to the middle of 
July, pasturage is largely supplemented by stable feeds of green rye, 
meal, bran, and brewers’ grains. During the subsequent three months, 
corn-fodder is the main food, eked out with brewers’ grains, ete. Rowen 
pasture is obtained in October. From November to the last of April, 
hay, turnips, grains, meal, and bran are,fed, with the addition of corn- 
stalks during a considerable part of the time. Turnips are raised 
largely for food, chiefly the white or “cowhorn” variety, and are highly 
