FOOD PRODUCTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. .415 
Ash-leafed rose, (Rosa fraxinifolia.)—This plant grows in the Cascade 
Mountains, where the Indians eat its fruit. | 
Salmon berry, (Rubus spectabilis.)—This is used largely by the Indians 
along the northwest coast. In the spring the young sprouts of the 
- salmon berry and thimble berry, (Rubus Nutkanus,) are consumed in great 
quantities. They are very tender, have a slightly acid and astringent 
taste, and appear to serve as an alterative to the system, which has be- 
come loaded with humors from the winter’s diet of dried fish and oil. 
The sprouts are sometimes cooked by being tied in bundles and steamed 
over hot stones, and are highly relished. The fruit is an excellent 
antiseorbutic. 
Common blackberry, (Rubus villosus.)—Found in Northern Missouri, 
Texas, California, and Minnesota. The Indians keep in remembrance 
the localities where this plant grows, and are as fond of its fruit as are 
the whites. 
Thimble berry, (Rubus Nutkanus.)—Grows throughout the Northwest, 
and is a great favorite with the Indians. It acts as a fine antiscor- 
butic. 
Dewberry, (Rubus Canadensis.)\—Grows abundantly in Southern Kan- 
sas, having a fine rich flavor, and is held as a great delicacy by Indians 
and whites. 
Buffalo berry, (Shepherdia argentea.)—This is a shrub fifteen feet high. 
The berries are about the size of peas, of a bright scarlet color, eontain- 
ing but one seed. ‘They are pleasantly acid, and the Indians are ex- 
travagantly fond of them. Utah, Nebraska, and Oregon produce the 
plant in abundance. 
Snowberry, (Symphoricarpus racemosus.)—Grows in the mountains of 
Oregon and Washington Territory, and is eaten by the Indians. — 
Cranberry, (Vaccinium macrocarpon.)—Grows in lakes and swamps, 
sometimes under water. The Indians gather the fruit from September 
to the time of snow-fall. To them it is an important fruit az food, and 
as an article of commerce with the tribes of the Northwest. 
Blueberry (Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum.)—Grows abundantly along the 
northwest coast. The Indians are very fond of this, to them, very de- 
sirable fruit. They collect large quantities, and smoke-dry them for 
winter use. 
Huckleberry, (Vaccinium myrtillus.)—This favorite fruit of the Indians 
grows in the Rocky Mountains. 
Squaw huckleberry, ( Vaccinium staminewm.)—This is an agreeable fruit, 
growing in Wisconsin and Michigan, of which the Indians make exten- 
sive use. 
Wild grape, ( Vitis Californica.)\—It grows in Texas, the Indian Terri- 
tory, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Arizona. The quan- 
tity of this fruit that an Indian wili consume at one time is scarcely 
credible. The ancient Pueblo Indians were in the habit of cultivating . 
it, as is evident from the peculiar distribution of the plants near ruined 
settiements. In Arizona, near Fort Whipple, they are arranged in rows 
and are very-old. At Camp Lincoln, on the Verde River, near which 
were @ number of ancient Indian ruins, a small stream called Clear 
Creek passed close by, on each side of which was a narrow strip of rich 
land, covered with under-brush, among which were found several grape 
vines, planted at short intervals, that differed in many particulars from 
those native to the locality.” The small kinds, found so universally in 
the woods, were growing abundantly all around, but on no other spot 
could the cultivated kinds found on Clear Creek be discovered. The 
latter were near dilapidated habitations, the owners of which were evi- 
