FORESTRY IX HUNGARY. 35 



enter, the trees left standing after the first felling would be at once 

 blown down. Hence there is nothing to be done but to clean-fell 

 and regenerate artiiicially. This is effected two years after the 

 felling, either by sowing in vertical lines of patches — a gang of 

 men moving up hill in a line — or by planting seedlings of from 

 three to four years old. But in oak forests, which are rarely seen 

 here, the regeneration is effected by natural means, one seed and 

 two secondary fellings being made. When trees have been felled 

 or blown down, the bark, which is exported for tanning, has to be 

 removed from the trees at once, or they would be attacked by 

 insects (usually Bostrichus typographus), and the timber must be 

 got out as soon as possible. This is done by means of earth slides, 

 and dry and wet wooden slides, which are used to convey it to the 

 bank of the stream. We saw many such structures, principally 

 temporary dry wooden slides, formed, in cross-section, of six or 

 eight round poles, disposed in the form of a trough, with a down- 

 ward inclination of 5° or 6° ; the poles at the sides have a larger 

 diameter than those at the bottom, and the outer side of the trough 

 is raised at the bends, so as to prevent the logs from jumping out. 

 At one place a slide of this kind was carried across the stream, and 

 the logs were projected by it on to a piece of flat ground on the 

 opposite bank. A stout pole or tree-stem, one end of which rested 

 on the ground, while the other was raised on a pair of legs, was 

 ingeniously used to cause the logs, after striking against it in their 

 fall, to fly off in any required direction, and thus prevent their 

 forming an unmanageable heap round the mouth of the slide. 



After going some distance further up the easterly branch of the 

 Tisza, we entered the spruce forests, and near the head of the valley, 

 at an altitude of 2930 feet, reached the Hoverla reservoir. We 

 were now not more than 2|- miles from the watershed of the Car- 

 pathian range, which, rising to a height of about 6600 feet, here 

 forms the boundary between Hungary and Galicia. The stream, 

 which is shallow and rocky, with a mean fall of about TSO per 100, 

 is, in its ordinary state, unfitted for floating purposes ; and the 

 system here adopted is to arrest the water coming from the upper 

 valleys, by means of a dam, which forms a reservoir. When this 

 becomes full, the water entering it at the upper end passes the dam 

 by an escape, which is always kept open, and the stream below has 

 then, of course, its natural depth. The Hoverla dam, which is 39 

 feet high, is formed of timber and stones, turfed over and faced 

 with clay on the upper side. There are in it two outlets for the 



