34 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
the other writers standing out for hibernation in the larval 
stage. 
Those who believe that the mature beetles hibernate, look upon 
swarming as taking place in May and June, the larval stage in 
June and July, pupation in August, with the beetles appearing 
in September, to pass the winter assuch. Graphically, according 
to Nitsche’s calendar, this might be represented thus :— 
| | | 
ee Feb. | Mar. |April, May. June. |July.| Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov.| Dec. 
1895 B |BBB|BLL|LL| PP} BB| B| B| B 
ie EE | | | Hib erna|ting 
Feedjing | 
18964. Bel Bal B. |B. Bea. B eae at | 
ee eee E | 
Hib]erna/ting | | 
Note.—B=beetles; E=eg¢; L=larva; P=pupa. 
That this calendar represents what is often the case there is 
little doubt. Altum and Nitsche both quote instances in proof 
of it; while Pauly experimentally has proved that three anda 
half to four months is an average time for development from egg 
to beetle in fair weather conditions. That the mature beetles 
often pass the winter as such is beyond question. They winter 
in crevices in the bark, in the litter covering the soil, even in the 
soil itself. In my experiments I was witness to their hibernation 
in moss which I had supplied to them for the purpose. 
At the same time the evidence of trustworthy observers forces 
us to admit that sometimes hibernation takes place in the larval 
stage. Perris, working in South France, declares that hiberna- 
tion is always in the larval state. According to him, the beetles 
start breeding at the end of June, July, and August; that the 
larve hatch in September, continue as such till the following 
April, when they pupate, the beetles appearing at the end of May 
and in June. We have seen that hibernation in the larval con- 
dition is not always the case; but yet it has been noticed by 
Ratzeburg, Perris, and others. 
The truth is that the last two views under discussion, viz., the 
hibernation as beetle and the hibernation as larva, are not neces- 
sarily mutually exclusive. Both may be true. A common 
meeting ground for the holders of these two views is afforded by 
