89 



"known in Quebec. In fruit, according to B. M. Duggar, "it is a brown 

 rot, beginning as a small spot, frequently near the bud end of the fruit, 

 and spreading until the whole fruit may be involved." While the fruit 

 is attacked on the tree, the rot in fruit stored for market is one of the com- 

 monest, and speediest destroyers. The diseased fruit on the ground 

 disseminates rot. 



Varieties Attacked. — In Ontario the following varieties suffer most 

 from canker — Ben Da\is, Northern Spy, Stark, Ontario, Walbridge, 

 Salome, Shannon and King, while the most resistant appear to be Pee- 

 waukee, Cranberry Pippin, McMahon White and Tolman Sweet. It 

 is said that Snow (Fameuse), Mcintosh and Wolfe River are immune 

 as compared with Baldwin, Greening and Ben Davis. In New York, 

 Esopus (Spitzenberg) is most susceptible to the Canker, then follow in 

 order, Twenty-one Ounce, Baldwin, Wagener, Greening and King. The 

 tenderness of some of these, notably Spitzenberg, as regards sun-scald, 

 suggests why they are easily attacked. The fruit of Spy and Smith's 

 Cider is sometimes severely attacked in Ohio, where Black Rot is said 

 to be the worst decay of stored apples. In Alabama, Black Ben Davis, 

 and Champion developed Black Rot. 



Control of the Disease. — Unthrifty trees in neglected orchards 

 suffer most. The trees, then, should be maintained at full vigour. They 

 should be headed low, to lessen winter injury. Avoid injury to the bark 

 during cultivation, in placing props, and when picking. Bark killed by 

 sun-scald should be removed, the edges of the wound smoothed, disinfected 

 with corrosive sublimate (1:1000), or copper sulphate (bluestone) 1 lb. 

 to 10 gals, water, then painted with coal or gas tar, asphalt, or white lead 

 in boiled oil. Large surfaces exposed by pruning are best treated similarly. 

 Fallen or mummied apples and dead leaves ought to be destroyed or plowed 

 under. 



Spraying three times with lime sulphur and arsenate of lead is usually 

 effective against Leaf Spot, but Bordeaux mixture 4-4-50, has been 

 found more effective in Alabama. As Black Rot in the fruit begins usually 

 with infection from cankers and Leaf Spot, these must be controlled. 

 No unsound, wormy or inferior fruit should be packed with that sound 

 and clean. After picking, the fruit should be packed at once, and placed 

 in cold storage at 42°-32° F. temperature. The cooling before ship- 

 ment, known as pre-cooling, is not always possible, but almost all growers 

 have cool cellars where the fruit should be stored to await packing or 

 shipment in cold cars. Keeping the packed fruit below 40° may confi- 

 dently be expected to reduce or prevent Black Rot. 



