REPORT OF THE SOCIETY , 123 



higher. In Nova Scotia Sanders records injury to 59.56 per cent of the 

 blossoms, and in unsprayed orchards in Quebec I have found e\'idence 

 of injury to more than 50 per cent of the fruit buds. 



The injury to the leaf buds is similar to that done to the fruit buds. 

 The buds may be entered a soon as they begin to burst, or when the first 

 leaves are partially or fully expanded. As the leaves expand the insect pulls 

 the softer ones together and fastens them with silk, forming a nest within 

 which it feeds on the more succulent leaves (Fig. 13). Some of the injured 

 leaves die and turn brown giving a badly infested tree the appearance of 

 being burnt. 



The losses due to injury of this nature .are most evident in nursery 

 stock. The writer has visited nurseries in which a large proportion of the 

 young trees was disfigured and many rendered unmarketable through 

 the destruction of the buds. 



After the buds have opened the caterpillars often make their "nests by 

 °lding the edge of a leaf and lining the tube thus formed with a layer of 

 silk. They usually attach the nest to another leaf and cut through the 

 petiole of the first, which soon dies and turns brown (Fig. 12). 



Occasionally such a nest is fastened to a tv\^ig, and the caterpillar xnay 

 bore into the succulent stem and kill the twig above this point. A twig 

 thus injured is shown in Fig. 14. The hole in the twig made by the feeding 

 caterpillar is indicated by the arrow head. 



Summer and Autumn Injury 



The young caterpillar, which hatches at the end of June, or in July, 

 immediately begins feeding on the under side of the leaf where it makes 

 tiny excavations in the tissue. Soon it builds itself a silken tube beneath 

 which it feeds on the soft green tissue of the leaf, eating through to the 

 epidermis of the upper side which it always leaves intact. The injured 

 leaves are very easily detected by the transparent areas consisting only of 

 the upper epidermis and the smaller leaf veins. These areas are elongated, 

 irregular in outline and may be restricted to one side of a large vein, but 

 more usually spread to both sides (Fig. 15). 



Often the caterpillar attaches another leaf to the under side of the one 

 on which it is feeding. In such cases it usually feeds on both leaxes, but 

 the two are not equally injured. 



The injury caused by the skeletonizing of the lea\es in summer may 

 be more or less negligible, but more important direct injury is caused when 



