32 PROTECTION OF PLANTS, 1921-22 



" pale wings. Many well known species belong to this genus, such as the colum- 

 " batsch midge of Eastern Europe, the black fly (S. Molestum) of the wooded 

 " regions of the Northern United States and Canada, and the Buffalo and Tur- 

 " ke}' gnats of the South Western United States. Their bite is very painful 

 " and they sometimes swarm in such numbers as to become a pest. Their 

 ''larvae and pupae are aquatic, and generalh' live in shallow swift running 

 " streams. Also SimiiUa.^' 



One will note that in 1886 as written above, Le Dictionnaire des Diction- 

 naires of Guerin classifies the Simulium in the Family of the Bibicnidae and 

 that in 1889 the Century Dictionary and Encj^clopedia classifies it in the 

 Family of the Simuliidae. 



In the volume "Entomologie et parasitologie agricoles", page 418, a book 

 written in 1917 bj- Georges Guenaux, Paris, France, under the head"Simulia" 

 will be found the following: "Simulia are very minute biting gnats which flutter 

 " about in large numbers and of which the females sting men and animals, 

 " suck their blood and maj- inoculate them with contagious diseases. Those 

 " twowinged nemocerous insects are distinguished from mosquitoes, in hax-ing 

 "short and wide wings, wide and flattened legs, thick and short proboscis." 



" The ash-colored simulium {Simulium maculatum) is three millimeters. 

 " in length and has its body ash-gre}^ and the abdomen striated with black. 

 " It flies in spring and, by its stings, maddens the pasturing herds; very often 

 "it penetrates into the horses' ears and drives them wild. As a resul : of many 

 " observations, it is now thought that it sometimes inoculates anthrax." 



THE SPRUCE BUDWOEM IN QUEBEC PROVINCE 



(Extracted from a paper given at the Annual ^Meeting) 



By J. M. Swaine, Chief, Division of Forest Insects, EntomDlogical Branch, 

 Department of Agriculture, Ottawa 



About twelve years ago a great outbreak of the spruce or, better, the 

 balsam budworm developed in the vast balsam-spruce foiests immediately 

 south of the Height of Land in the Province of Quebec, between Grand Lake 

 Victoria and the country north of Lake St. John. During the next few years 

 this infestation developed southward across the St. Lawrence and eastward 

 over northern Maine and New Brunswick, but missing the end of the Gaspe 

 Peninsula. 



The primary budworm outbreak lasted only about three years in each 

 affected district in Quebec Province and then died away leaving in its wake 

 an enormous quantity of dead, dying and weakened balsam and less seriously 



