38 PROTECTIONT OF PLANTS, 1921-22 



worm outbreak arrives, we hope to have an intelligence system in operation 

 through which the insect activities in all parts of the forest will be reported 

 to the entomologists; and, when it is found that a fresh budworm outbreak is 

 threatening, it may possibly be feasible, using the planes and poisons that will 

 be in use by that time, to destroy the carterpillars in sufficient numbers to 

 check an outbreak effectively. At all events, it will certainly be tried by our 

 successors. The present primary outbreak in the Temiskaming is too wide- 

 spread to be dealt with successfully by our present appliances; but we shall 

 at least test the effectiveness of the method if a suitable opportunity offers. 

 It is becoming more evident to us, as we study these problems, that our 

 chief hope for a healthy, thrifty forest in Eastern Canada in the future must 

 depend upon the development of policies and plans for forest management. 



Summary of Suggestions for Control 



Utilization of balsam as soon as it reaches maturity under its local con- 

 dition, in the hope that a healthy growing stand will not encourage a budworm 

 outbreak. 



Utihzation of dying and dead balsam for salvage and the removal of fire 

 hazard. It is important to salvage as much of the dead and dying timber 

 as possible before it becomes an entire loss, a matter of two years usually 

 for both balsam and spruce through the action of wood borers and fungi, and 

 it is also of the greatest importance to reduce as much as possible of the combus- 

 tible material. 



Cutting out red top balsams during winter combined with slash burning 

 to control balsam weevil and balsam bark-beetles. 



Future slash burning to prevent development of the Balsam Bark Beetle. 



Application of poisons by hydroplane in initial stages of future budworm 

 outbreaks. Some such method of direct control may be feasible in the future 

 although the difficulties seem at present almost insurmountable. 



Forest management to encourage types of forest least susceptible to 

 budworm injury, the utihzation of spruce and balsam before overmaturity, 

 better adaptation of type to soil, and the utilization of hardwoods so that a 

 budworm immune mixed hardwood-coniferous forest may be commercially 

 profitable. This important feature of the problem is discussed in detail in 

 Craighead's paper on "Possibilities of Preventing Losses from the Spruce 

 Budworm in the Proceedings of the Quebec Forest Protective Conference for 

 1922". 



A Forest Insect Intelligence System 



It is hoped to establish throughout our eastern forests, an intelligence 

 system, through co-operation between foresters, lumbermen, all travellers of 

 the forests, and the forest entomologists whereby the entomologists will 



