16 PROTECTION OF PLANTS^ — 1924-2 



entomologist" with A. Mokrzhecky as first occupant. In spite of great hand caps of lack of equip- 

 ment, scientific help , money and mistrust on the part of the people, Mokrzhecky worked coura- 

 geously alone for fifteen years, and made many contributions to entomological hterature. He made 

 observations on about 600 species of insects, and published over 350 papers in less than 20 years. 



Following the example of the Crimea, many other local governments (Zemstvos) soon opened 

 their own entomological stations. 



As a further development of the idea of a more intensive study of insect pests by the limi- 

 tation of the working area, the Board of Directors of the South Russian Agricultural Sociey 

 in Hev in 1903 requested the Department of Agriculture to establish a post of en omologist, the 

 Society effering to pay all the expenses in connection with the equipment of the laboratory, and 

 the local work of the entomologist. In the following year (1904), t e Department approved of 

 the formation of an "entomological station" in the South Russian Agricultural Society. Similar 

 entomological stations or bureaus were soon opened in other places. In 1916 twenty one such 

 station were operating, and now (1923) there are over fifty. 



If, in addition, the iiermanent entomological organizations that are connected with the local 

 natural history museum in Kherson (since 1897), in the Crime (since 1899.) and other places are 

 taken into consideration, it will be seen thot most of the provinces of Russia concerned wath grain 

 growing are supplied with organizations for dealing with insect pests. 



The need for a central biu-eau of entomology had been felt for many years, by the Russian 

 Entomological Society and in 1894 the Bureau of Applied Entomology of the State Institute for 

 Experimental Agriculture was founded in Petrograd under the leadership of T. A. Porchinsky. 

 It has lieen very successful, and the investigations of Schreiner, Vasiliev, Rossikov, Dobrodere 

 and Porchinsky relate to the most important pests of Russia. The pubhcaticns of the Bureau are 

 the best on the subject in the Russian language. However, the success of the Bureau has been 

 the means of centralizing the work in Apphed Entomology instead of founding and supporting 

 local entomological institutions in different parts of Russia. 



The develcpment of entcmolcgy in Eussia has been very rapid since 1895. As has been said 

 the first provincial entoniologisis had neither microscopes nor equipment, and worked under many 

 adverse condit ons, but in 1905 mere than ten well organized institutions with experienced ento- 

 mologists and assistants existed, and in 1910 there were over 100 persons giving their attention 

 to applied entomology. 



\^ hen the Russian Entomological Society was founded (1850), there were only 102 entomolo- 

 gists in Russia, more than half of them being amateurs, while only three or four persons worked in 

 applied entomology. In 1910 the number of entomologists were 340, and in 1923 there were 288, 

 a reduction due to the Great War and Revolution. 



Before 1890 entomology was not taught anywhere as a separate subject, but as apart of the 

 general course of zoology. Since, however, more attention has been given to the science bj' the uni- 

 versities at Warsaw, Moscow, Kharkov, letrograd, Kazan and Kiev. In adchtion, economic 

 workers have been trained at the Petrograd Institute of Forestrj' where a school was organized 

 by Cholodkovsky, at the Agricultural course of Petrograd under Silanter. at the Moscow Agricul- 

 tural Academy where a school was organized by Koulagin and Boldigraff, at the Novo-Ale.\andra 

 Agricultural Institute were students worked under Tarnani, and at the Polytechnic of Kiev. 

 Moreover, many of the entomologists were trained at the entomological stations, at Kiev under 

 Pospeloff; at Ivharkoff under Averin; at Plotava under Rourdumov; at Stavropol under Uvarov; 

 and in the Crimea under Mokrzhechky. Often the training was completed in the Zoological Mu- 

 seum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the Russian Entomological Society, and at the 

 Northern btation for Protection of Plants at Petrograd. 



LOCAL INSTITUTIONS lOR CONTROL OF PESTS OF AGRICULTURE 

 Entomological and Phytopathological Stations and Bureaus. 



ENTOMOLOGICAL STATIONS IN RUSSIA 



(Based on a paper by I. I. Mamrilov in 1915, head of the Entomological section of the Minister 

 of Agriculture and initiator of nearly all the Entomological organizations.) 



General Description: — 



Entomological stations are very recent institutions both in Russia and in other countries 

 The necessity of organizing a systematic study of insect pests wath the object of finding only the 

 best means lor destroying them was first felt m the Lnited States where in 1854, the post of ento- 

 mologist was established by the Agricultural Society of ISew York State. In Russia the question 

 of instituting an estabUshement of this kind was first discussed in 1883 at the first entomological 



